CausalML: Python Package for Causal Machine Learning
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Abstract (arXiv)
CausalML is a Python implementation of algorithms related to causal inference and machine learning. Algorithms combining causal inference and machine learning have been a trending topic in recent years. This package tries to bridge the gap between theoretical work on methodology and practical applications by making a collection of methods in this field available in Python. This paper introduces the key concepts, scope, and use cases of this package.
Key facts. Cited by 74 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 25 Feb 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 10; 2022: 11; 2023: 17; 2024: 14; 2025: 12; 2026: 10.
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- 2021gCastle: A Python Toolbox for Causal Discoverycited by 60
- 2022DoWhy-GCM: An extension of DoWhy for causal inference in graphical causal modelscited by 40
- 2021DoubleML -- An Object-Oriented Implementation of Double Machine Learning in Pythoncited by 23
- 2022Evaluation Methods and Measures for Causal Learning Algorithmscited by 23
- 2021Interventional Sum-Product Networks: Causal Inference with Tractable Probabilistic Modelscited by 22
- 2022Direct Heterogeneous Causal Learning for Resource Allocation Problems in Marketingcited by 21
- 2021DoWhy: Addressing Challenges in Expressing and Validating Causal Assumptionscited by 20
- 2023An Adaptive Kernel Approach to Federated Learning of Heterogeneous Causal Effectscited by 19
- 2025CounterBench: Evaluating and Improving Counterfactual Reasoning in Large Language Modelscited by 19
- 2023A Review of the Role of Causality in Developing Trustworthy AI Systemscited by 14
- 2021A Large Scale Benchmark for Individual Treatment Effect Prediction and Uplift Modelingcited by 12
- 2022Towards assessing agricultural land suitability with causal machine learningcited by 11
38 more
- 2023LLM4Causal: Democratized Causal Tools for Everyone via Large Language Modelcited by 9
- 2022Evaluating Digital Agriculture Recommendations with Causal Inferencecited by 7
- 2024Entire Chain Uplift Modeling with Context-Enhanced Learning for Intelligent Marketingcited by 7
- 2026FML-bench: A Controlled Study of AI Research Agent Strategies from the Perspective of Search Dynamicscited by 6
- 2021CausalNLP: A Practical Toolkit for Causal Inference with Textcited by 5
- 2023Causal Inference for Banking Finance and Insurance A Surveycited by 5
- 2021Federated Estimation of Causal Effects from Observational Datacited by 4
- 2021Heterogeneous Treatment Effect Estimation using machine learning for Healthcare application: tutorial and benchmarkcited by 4
- 2022A Free Lunch with Influence Functions? Improving Neural Network Estimates with Concepts from Semiparametric Statisticscited by 4
- 2023Selecting Robust Features for Machine Learning Applications using Multidata Causal Discoverycited by 4
- 2022Generalized Causal Tree for Uplift Modelingcited by 3
- 2023Incremental Profit per Conversion: a Response Transformation for Uplift Modeling in E-Commerce Promotionscited by 3
- 2024Uplift Modeling Under Limited Supervisioncited by 3
- 2024Benchmarking for Deep Uplift Modeling in Online Marketingcited by 3
- 2025Robust Uplift Modeling with Large-Scale Contexts for Real-time Marketingcited by 3
- 2025Reimagining Urban Science: Scaling Causal Inference with Large Language Modelscited by 3
- 2025Adjustment for Confounding using Pre-Trained Representationscited by 3
- 2025FML-bench: Benchmarking Machine Learning Agents for Scientific Researchcited by 3
- 2021To do or not to do: cost-sensitive causal decision-makingcited by 2
- 2022Evaluating Digital Tools for Sustainable Agriculture using Causal Inferencecited by 2
- 2023Understanding the impacts of crop diversification in the context of climate change: a machine learning approachcited by 2
- 2023Fairness Implications of Heterogeneous Treatment Effect Estimation with Machine Learning Methods in Policy-makingcited by 2
- 2023OpportunityFinder: A Framework for Automated Causal Inferencecited by 2
- 2024Causality for Earth Science -- A Review on Time-series and Spatiotemporal Causality Methodscited by 2
- 2024Iterative Causal Segmentation: Filling the Gap between Market Segmentation and Marketing Strategycited by 2
- 2025Beyond Predictions: A Participatory Framework for Multi-Stakeholder Decision-Makingcited by 2
- 2022A Double Machine Learning Trend Model for Citizen Science Datacited by 1
- 2022On How AI Needs to Change to Advance the Science of Drug Discoverycited by 1
- 2023balance -- a Python package for balancing biased data samplescited by 1
- 2023VISPUR: Visual Aids for Identifying and Interpreting Spurious Associations in Data-Driven Decisionscited by 1
- 2023Assessing the Causal Impact of Humanitarian Aid on Food Securitycited by 1
- 2024IncomeSCM: From tabular data set to time-series simulator and causal estimation benchmarkcited by 1
- 2024Improving Bias Correction Standards by Quantifying its Effects on Treatment Outcomescited by 1
- 2024Causal Feature Selection Method for Contextual Multi-Armed Bandits in Recommender Systemcited by 1
- 2024Ads Supply Personalization via Doubly Robust Learningcited by 1
- 2025C-HDNet: Hyperdimensional Computing for Causal Effect Estimation from Observational Data Under Network Interferencecited by 1
- 2025ORCA: ORchestrating Causal Agentcited by 1
- 2026De-paradox Tree: Breaking Down Simpson's Paradox via A Kernel-Based Partition Algorithmcited by 1
50 most cited of 74 All 74 (JSON)
- 2026An End-to-End Pipeline for Causal ML with Continuous Treatments: An Application to Financial Decision Making24 Sep 2026
- 2026Representation Learning for Sample-Efficient CATE Estimation by Leveraging Multiple Outcomes5 Sep 2026
- 2026From Prediction to Incrementality: Causal Optimization for Large-Scale Targeting and Recommendation10 Aug 2026
- 2026UpliftBench: Revealing Outcome-Regime and Objective Mismatch in Uplift Evaluation2 Aug 2026
- 2026Personalizing Marketplace Policies with Competing Objectives and Constrained Experiments: Evidence from a Job Marketplace29 Jun 2026
- 2026FML-bench: A Controlled Study of AI Research Agent Strategies from the Perspective of Search Dynamics17 May 2026
- 2026ConfoundingSHAP: Quantifying confounding strength in causal inference11 May 2026
- 2026Differential Subgroup Discovery: Characterizing Where Two Populations Differ, and Why30 Apr 2026
- 2026Spark Policy Toolkit: Semantic Contracts and Scalable Execution for Policy Learning in Spark27 Apr 2026
- 2026De-paradox Tree: Breaking Down Simpson's Paradox via A Kernel-Based Partition Algorithm2 Mar 2026
- 2025A Large Scale Heterogeneous Treatment Effect Estimation Framework and Its Applications of Users' Journey at Snap25 Nov 2025
- 2025QML-HCS: A Hypercausal Quantum Machine Learning Framework for Non-Stationary Environments18 Nov 2025
38 more
- 2025FML-bench: Benchmarking Machine Learning Agents for Scientific Research12 Oct 2025
- 2025ORCA: ORchestrating Causal Agent29 Aug 2025
- 2025Which Company Adjustment Matter? Insights from Uplift Modeling on Financial Health23 Jun 2025
- 2025Adjustment for Confounding using Pre-Trained Representations17 Jun 2025
- 2025Reimagining Urban Science: Scaling Causal Inference with Large Language Models15 Apr 2025
- 2025CounterBench: Evaluating and Improving Counterfactual Reasoning in Large Language Models16 Feb 2025
- 2025Beyond Predictions: A Participatory Framework for Multi-Stakeholder Decision-Making12 Feb 2025
- 2025C-HDNet: Hyperdimensional Computing for Causal Effect Estimation from Observational Data Under Network Interference27 Jan 2025
- 2025Reconciling Predictive Multiplicity in Practice27 Jan 2025
- 2025Robust Uplift Modeling with Large-Scale Contexts for Real-time Marketing4 Jan 2025
- 2024Are causal effect estimations enough for optimal recommendations under multitreatment scenarios?7 Oct 2024
- 2024Ads Supply Personalization via Doubly Robust Learning29 Sep 2024
- 2024Causal Feature Selection Method for Contextual Multi-Armed Bandits in Recommender System20 Sep 2024
- 2024Assessing the Impact of Upselling in Online Fantasy Sports1 Sep 2024
- 2024Enhancing Uplift Modeling in Multi-Treatment Marketing Campaigns: Leveraging Score Ranking and Calibration Techniques24 Aug 2024
- 2024Improving Bias Correction Standards by Quantifying its Effects on Treatment Outcomes20 Jul 2024
- 2024Benchmarking for Deep Uplift Modeling in Online Marketing1 Jun 2024
- 2024IncomeSCM: From tabular data set to time-series simulator and causal estimation benchmark25 May 2024
- 2024Iterative Causal Segmentation: Filling the Gap between Market Segmentation and Marketing Strategy23 May 2024
- 2024Neural Networks with Causal Graph Constraints: A New Approach for Treatment Effects Estimation18 Apr 2024
- 2024Causality for Earth Science -- A Review on Time-series and Spatiotemporal Causality Methods3 Apr 2024
- 2024Uplift Modeling Under Limited Supervision28 Mar 2024
- 2024A Causal Analysis of CO2 Reduction Strategies in Electricity Markets Through Machine Learning-Driven Metalearners21 Mar 2024
- 2024Entire Chain Uplift Modeling with Context-Enhanced Learning for Intelligent Marketing4 Feb 2024
- 2023LLM4Causal: Democratized Causal Tools for Everyone via Large Language Model28 Dec 2023
- 2023Temporal-Spatial Entropy Balancing for Causal Continuous Treatment-Effect Estimation14 Dec 2023
- 2023Disentangled Latent Representation Learning for Tackling the Confounding M-Bias Problem in Causal Inference8 Dec 2023
- 2023Uplift Modeling based on Graph Neural Network Combined with Causal Knowledge14 Nov 2023
- 2023Assessing the Causal Impact of Humanitarian Aid on Food Security17 Oct 2023
- 2023OpportunityFinder: A Framework for Automated Causal Inference22 Sep 2023
- 2023Fairness Implications of Heterogeneous Treatment Effect Estimation with Machine Learning Methods in Policy-making2 Sep 2023
- 2023Causal Inference for Banking Finance and Insurance A Survey31 Jul 2023
- 2023VISPUR: Visual Aids for Identifying and Interpreting Spurious Associations in Data-Driven Decisions26 Jul 2023
- 2023Understanding the impacts of crop diversification in the context of climate change: a machine learning approach17 Jul 2023
- 2023balance -- a Python package for balancing biased data samples12 Jul 2023
- 2023Incremental Profit per Conversion: a Response Transformation for Uplift Modeling in E-Commerce Promotions23 Jun 2023
- 2023Selecting Robust Features for Machine Learning Applications using Multidata Causal Discovery11 Apr 2023
- 2023A Novel Two-level Causal Inference Framework for On-road Vehicle Quality Issues Diagnosis31 Mar 2023
50 newest of 74 All 74 (JSON)
- 2023LLM4Causal: Democratized Causal Tools for Everyone via Large Language Modelcited by 9
- 2026FML-bench: A Controlled Study of AI Research Agent Strategies from the Perspective of Search Dynamicscited by 6
- 2025FML-bench: Benchmarking Machine Learning Agents for Scientific Researchcited by 3
- 2025ORCA: ORchestrating Causal Agentcited by 1
- 2026FML-bench: A Controlled Study of AI Research Agent Strategies from the Perspective of Search Dynamics17 May 2026
- 2025FML-bench: Benchmarking Machine Learning Agents for Scientific Research12 Oct 2025
- 2025ORCA: ORchestrating Causal Agent29 Aug 2025
- 2023LLM4Causal: Democratized Causal Tools for Everyone via Large Language Model28 Dec 2023
- 2021gCastle: A Python Toolbox for Causal Discoverycited by 60
- 2022DoWhy-GCM: An extension of DoWhy for causal inference in graphical causal modelscited by 40
- 2021DoubleML -- An Object-Oriented Implementation of Double Machine Learning in Pythoncited by 23
- 2022Evaluation Methods and Measures for Causal Learning Algorithmscited by 23
- 2021Interventional Sum-Product Networks: Causal Inference with Tractable Probabilistic Modelscited by 22
- 2022Direct Heterogeneous Causal Learning for Resource Allocation Problems in Marketingcited by 21
- 2021DoWhy: Addressing Challenges in Expressing and Validating Causal Assumptionscited by 20
- 2023An Adaptive Kernel Approach to Federated Learning of Heterogeneous Causal Effectscited by 19
- 2023A Review of the Role of Causality in Developing Trustworthy AI Systemscited by 14
- 2021A Large Scale Benchmark for Individual Treatment Effect Prediction and Uplift Modelingcited by 12
- 2022Towards assessing agricultural land suitability with causal machine learningcited by 11
- 2022Evaluating Digital Agriculture Recommendations with Causal Inferencecited by 7
12 most cited of 69 All 69 (JSON)
- 2026An End-to-End Pipeline for Causal ML with Continuous Treatments: An Application to Financial Decision Making24 Sep 2026
- 2026Representation Learning for Sample-Efficient CATE Estimation by Leveraging Multiple Outcomes5 Sep 2026
- 2026From Prediction to Incrementality: Causal Optimization for Large-Scale Targeting and Recommendation10 Aug 2026
- 2026UpliftBench: Revealing Outcome-Regime and Objective Mismatch in Uplift Evaluation2 Aug 2026
- 2026Personalizing Marketplace Policies with Competing Objectives and Constrained Experiments: Evidence from a Job Marketplace29 Jun 2026
- 2026ConfoundingSHAP: Quantifying confounding strength in causal inference11 May 2026
- 2026Differential Subgroup Discovery: Characterizing Where Two Populations Differ, and Why30 Apr 2026
- 2026Spark Policy Toolkit: Semantic Contracts and Scalable Execution for Policy Learning in Spark27 Apr 2026
- 2026De-paradox Tree: Breaking Down Simpson's Paradox via A Kernel-Based Partition Algorithm2 Mar 2026
- 2025A Large Scale Heterogeneous Treatment Effect Estimation Framework and Its Applications of Users' Journey at Snap25 Nov 2025
- 2025QML-HCS: A Hypercausal Quantum Machine Learning Framework for Non-Stationary Environments18 Nov 2025
- 2025Which Company Adjustment Matter? Insights from Uplift Modeling on Financial Health23 Jun 2025
12 newest of 69 All 69 (JSON)