Deep Learning for Free-Hand Sketch: A Survey
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Abstract (arXiv)
Free-hand sketches are highly illustrative, and have been widely used by humans to depict objects or stories from ancient times to the present. The recent prevalence of touchscreen devices has made sketch creation a much easier task than ever and consequently made sketch-oriented applications increasingly popular. The progress of deep learning has immensely benefited free-hand sketch research and applications. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of the deep learning techniques oriented at free-hand sketch data, and the applications that they enable. The main contents of this survey include: (i) A discussion of the intrinsic traits and unique challenges of free-hand sketch, to highlight the essential differences between sketch data and other data modalities, e.g., natural photos. (ii) A review of the developments of free-hand sketch research in the deep learning era, by surveying existing datasets, research topics, and the state-of-the-art methods through a detailed taxonomy and experimental evaluation. (iii) Promotion of future work via a discussion of bottlenecks, open problems, and potential research directions for the community.
Key facts. Cited by 59 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 8 Jan 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 8; 2022: 12; 2023: 13; 2024: 12; 2025: 9; 2026: 5.
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- 2022Multimodal Learning with Transformers: A Surveycited by 399
- 2022CLIPascene: Scene Sketching with Different Types and Levels of Abstractioncited by 63
- 2022CLIPasso: Semantically-Aware Object Sketchingcited by 57
- 2021Engineering Sketch Generation for Computer-Aided Designcited by 49
- 2023Breathing Life Into Sketches Using Text-to-Video Priorscited by 47
- 2024CAD-Assistant: Tool-Augmented VLLMs as Generic CAD Task Solverscited by 40
- 2022SceneTrilogy: On Human Scene-Sketch and its Complementarity with Photo and Textcited by 30
- 2024SketchAgent: Language-Driven Sequential Sketch Generationcited by 30
- 2023Multi-modal Machine Learning in Engineering Design: A Review and Future Directionscited by 27
- 2023Zero-Shot Everything Sketch-Based Image Retrieval, and in Explainable Stylecited by 25
- 2022Doodle It Yourself: Class Incremental Learning by Drawing a Few Sketchescited by 23
- 2021Differentiable Drawing and Sketchingcited by 20
38 more
- 2021DoodleFormer: Creative Sketch Drawing with Transformerscited by 17
- 2022AutoLink: Self-supervised Learning of Human Skeletons and Object Outlines by Linking Keypointscited by 17
- 2023Sketch2Saliency: Learning to Detect Salient Objects from Human Drawingscited by 17
- 2021Cloud2Curve: Generation and Vectorization of Parametric Sketchescited by 16
- 2021GAN Computers Generate Arts? A Survey on Visual Arts, Music, and Literary Text Generation using Generative Adversarial Networkcited by 15
- 2023SEVA: Leveraging sketches to evaluate alignment between human and machine visual abstractioncited by 14
- 2023Doodle Your 3D: From Abstract Freehand Sketches to Precise 3D Shapescited by 14
- 2025SwiftSketch: A Diffusion Model for Image-to-Vector Sketch Generationcited by 14
- 2022Mimetic Models: Ethical Implications of AI that Acts Like Youcited by 11
- 2024PICASSO: A Feed-Forward Framework for Parametric Inference of CAD Sketches via Rendering Self-Supervisioncited by 9
- 2025Multi-Object Sketch Animation with Grouping and Motion Trajectory Priorscited by 9
- 2024Decoupling Layout from Glyph in Online Chinese Handwriting Generationcited by 7
- 2024DAVINCI: A Single-Stage Architecture for Constrained CAD Sketch Inferencecited by 6
- 2022Vitruvio: 3D Building Meshes via Single Perspective Sketchescited by 5
- 2024S2TD-Face: Reconstruct a Detailed 3D Face with Controllable Texture from a Single Sketchcited by 5
- 2022Stroke-based Rendering: From Heuristics to Deep Learningcited by 4
- 2023SketchMetaFace: A Learning-based Sketching Interface for High-fidelity 3D Character Face Modelingcited by 4
- 2023Learning Efficient Representations for Image-Based Patent Retrievalcited by 4
- 2023Sketch Video Synthesiscited by 4
- 2025SketchFusion: Learning Universal Sketch Features through Fusing Foundation Modelscited by 4
- 2022Abstract Images Have Different Levels of Retrievability Per Reverse Image Search Enginecited by 3
- 2025SketchAgent: Generating Structured Diagrams from Hand-Drawn Sketchescited by 3
- 2026Deep Sketch-Based 3D Modeling: A Surveycited by 3
- 2023Sketch Input Method Editor: A Comprehensive Dataset and Methodology for Systematic Input Recognitioncited by 2
- 2025Sketch Down the FLOPs: Towards Efficient Networks for Human Sketchcited by 2
- 2022Leveraging Unlabeled Data for Sketch-based Understandingcited by 1
- 2023Enhance Sketch Recognition's Explainability via Semantic Component-Level Parsingcited by 1
- 2024Large Language Model Informed Patent Image Retrievalcited by 1
- 2024Sketch-Guided Stylized Landscape Cinemagraph Synthesiscited by 1
- 2025VS-LLM: Visual-Semantic Depression Assessment based on LLM for Drawing Projection Testcited by 1
- 2025StableSketcher: Enhancing Diffusion Model for Pixel-based Sketch Generation via Visual Question Answering Feedbackcited by 1
- 2026Stroke of Surprise: Progressive Semantic Illusions in Vector Sketchingcited by 1
- 2021Enabling Robots to Draw and Tell: Towards Visually Grounded Multimodal Description Generationcited by 0
- 2021Do Time Constraints Re-Prioritize Attention to Shapes During Visual Photo Inspection?cited by 0
- 2021On Training Sketch Recognizers for New Domainscited by 0
- 2022SSR-GNNs: Stroke-based Sketch Representation with Graph Neural Networkscited by 0
- 2023Sketch-based Video Object Localizationcited by 0
- 2023Flow-Guided Controllable Line Drawing Generationcited by 0
50 most cited of 59 All 59 (JSON)
- 2026PeCA: Palette Context Assisted Inference for Test-Time Paint-Bucket Colourisation on Animation Videos2 Aug 2026
- 2026Billions of Sketches Reveal Hidden Cultural Variation in Human Concepts8 Jul 2026
- 2026Sketch and Text Synergy: Fusing Structural Contours and Descriptive Attributes for Fine-Grained Image Retrieval17 Apr 2026
- 2026Stroke of Surprise: Progressive Semantic Illusions in Vector Sketching12 Feb 2026
- 2026Deep Sketch-Based 3D Modeling: A Survey22 Jan 2026
- 2025Text to Sketch Generation with Multi-Styles6 Nov 2025
- 2025StableSketcher: Enhancing Diffusion Model for Pixel-based Sketch Generation via Visual Question Answering Feedback23 Oct 2025
- 2025Multi-Object Sketch Animation with Grouping and Motion Trajectory Priors21 Aug 2025
- 2025VS-LLM: Visual-Semantic Depression Assessment based on LLM for Drawing Projection Test7 Aug 2025
- 2025SketchAgent: Generating Structured Diagrams from Hand-Drawn Sketches2 Aug 2025
- 2025Doodle Your Keypoints: Sketch-Based Few-Shot Keypoint Detection10 Jul 2025
- 2025Sketch Down the FLOPs: Towards Efficient Networks for Human Sketch29 May 2025
38 more
- 2025SketchFusion: Learning Universal Sketch Features through Fusing Foundation Models18 Mar 2025
- 2025SwiftSketch: A Diffusion Model for Image-to-Vector Sketch Generation12 Feb 2025
- 2024CAD-Assistant: Tool-Augmented VLLMs as Generic CAD Task Solvers18 Dec 2024
- 2024Sketch-Guided Stylized Landscape Cinemagraph Synthesis1 Dec 2024
- 2024Generative Visual Communication in the Era of Vision-Language Models27 Nov 2024
- 2024SketchAgent: Language-Driven Sequential Sketch Generation26 Nov 2024
- 2024DAVINCI: A Single-Stage Architecture for Constrained CAD Sketch Inference30 Oct 2024
- 2024Decoupling Layout from Glyph in Online Chinese Handwriting Generation3 Oct 2024
- 2024S2TD-Face: Reconstruct a Detailed 3D Face with Controllable Texture from a Single Sketch2 Aug 2024
- 2024PICASSO: A Feed-Forward Framework for Parametric Inference of CAD Sketches via Rendering Self-Supervision18 Jul 2024
- 2024Large Language Model Informed Patent Image Retrieval30 Apr 2024
- 2024Zero-shot sketch-based remote sensing image retrieval based on multi-level and attention-guided tokenization3 Feb 2024
- 2024PatternPortrait: Draw Me Like One of Your Scribbles22 Jan 2024
- 2024Content-Conditioned Generation of Stylized Free hand Sketches9 Jan 2024
- 2023Enhance Sketch Recognition's Explainability via Semantic Component-Level Parsing13 Dec 2023
- 2023Doodle Your 3D: From Abstract Freehand Sketches to Precise 3D Shapes7 Dec 2023
- 2023SEVA: Leveraging sketches to evaluate alignment between human and machine visual abstraction5 Dec 2023
- 2023Sketch Input Method Editor: A Comprehensive Dataset and Methodology for Systematic Input Recognition30 Nov 2023
- 2023Sketch Video Synthesis26 Nov 2023
- 2023Breathing Life Into Sketches Using Text-to-Video Priors21 Nov 2023
- 2023Learning Efficient Representations for Image-Based Patent Retrieval26 Aug 2023
- 2023Flow-Guided Controllable Line Drawing Generation14 Jul 2023
- 2023SketchMetaFace: A Learning-based Sketching Interface for High-fidelity 3D Character Face Modeling3 Jul 2023
- 2023Sketch-based Video Object Localization2 Apr 2023
- 2023Zero-Shot Everything Sketch-Based Image Retrieval, and in Explainable Style25 Mar 2023
- 2023Sketch2Saliency: Learning to Detect Salient Objects from Human Drawings20 Mar 2023
- 2023Multi-modal Machine Learning in Engineering Design: A Review and Future Directions14 Feb 2023
- 2022Stroke-based Rendering: From Heuristics to Deep Learning30 Dec 2022
- 2022CLIPascene: Scene Sketching with Different Types and Levels of Abstraction30 Nov 2022
- 2022Abstract Images Have Different Levels of Retrievability Per Reverse Image Search Engine3 Nov 2022
- 2022Vitruvio: 3D Building Meshes via Single Perspective Sketches24 Oct 2022
- 2022Mimetic Models: Ethical Implications of AI that Acts Like You19 Jul 2022
- 2022Multimodal Learning with Transformers: A Survey13 Jun 2022
- 2022AutoLink: Self-supervised Learning of Human Skeletons and Object Outlines by Linking Keypoints21 May 2022
- 2022SSR-GNNs: Stroke-based Sketch Representation with Graph Neural Networks27 Apr 2022
- 2022Leveraging Unlabeled Data for Sketch-based Understanding26 Apr 2022
- 2022SceneTrilogy: On Human Scene-Sketch and its Complementarity with Photo and Text25 Apr 2022
- 2022Doodle It Yourself: Class Incremental Learning by Drawing a Few Sketches28 Mar 2022
50 newest of 59 All 59 (JSON)
- 2022Multimodal Learning with Transformers: A Surveycited by 399
- 2022CLIPascene: Scene Sketching with Different Types and Levels of Abstractioncited by 63
- 2022CLIPasso: Semantically-Aware Object Sketchingcited by 57
- 2021Engineering Sketch Generation for Computer-Aided Designcited by 49
- 2023Breathing Life Into Sketches Using Text-to-Video Priorscited by 47
- 2024CAD-Assistant: Tool-Augmented VLLMs as Generic CAD Task Solverscited by 40
- 2022SceneTrilogy: On Human Scene-Sketch and its Complementarity with Photo and Textcited by 30
- 2024SketchAgent: Language-Driven Sequential Sketch Generationcited by 30
- 2023Multi-modal Machine Learning in Engineering Design: A Review and Future Directionscited by 27
- 2023Zero-Shot Everything Sketch-Based Image Retrieval, and in Explainable Stylecited by 25
- 2022Doodle It Yourself: Class Incremental Learning by Drawing a Few Sketchescited by 23
- 2021Differentiable Drawing and Sketchingcited by 20
12 most cited of 54 All 54 (JSON)
- 2026PeCA: Palette Context Assisted Inference for Test-Time Paint-Bucket Colourisation on Animation Videos2 Aug 2026
- 2026Billions of Sketches Reveal Hidden Cultural Variation in Human Concepts8 Jul 2026
- 2026Sketch and Text Synergy: Fusing Structural Contours and Descriptive Attributes for Fine-Grained Image Retrieval17 Apr 2026
- 2026Stroke of Surprise: Progressive Semantic Illusions in Vector Sketching12 Feb 2026
- 2026Deep Sketch-Based 3D Modeling: A Survey22 Jan 2026
- 2025Multi-Object Sketch Animation with Grouping and Motion Trajectory Priors21 Aug 2025
- 2025VS-LLM: Visual-Semantic Depression Assessment based on LLM for Drawing Projection Test7 Aug 2025
- 2025SketchAgent: Generating Structured Diagrams from Hand-Drawn Sketches2 Aug 2025
- 2025Doodle Your Keypoints: Sketch-Based Few-Shot Keypoint Detection10 Jul 2025
- 2025Sketch Down the FLOPs: Towards Efficient Networks for Human Sketch29 May 2025
- 2025SketchFusion: Learning Universal Sketch Features through Fusing Foundation Models18 Mar 2025
- 2024CAD-Assistant: Tool-Augmented VLLMs as Generic CAD Task Solvers18 Dec 2024
12 newest of 54 All 54 (JSON)