mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

A Fair Comparison of Graph Neural Networks for Graph Classification

arXiv 1912.09893 ↗First posted 20 Dec 2019cs.LG stat.MLcited by 244

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Abstract (arXiv)

Experimental reproducibility and replicability are critical topics in machine learning. Authors have often raised concerns about their lack in scientific publications to improve the quality of the field. Recently, the graph representation learning field has attracted the attention of a wide research community, which resulted in a large stream of works. As such, several Graph Neural Network models have been developed to effectively tackle graph classification. However, experimental procedures often lack rigorousness and are hardly reproducible. Motivated by this, we provide an overview of common practices that should be avoided to fairly compare with the state of the art. To counter this troubling trend, we ran more than 47000 experiments in a controlled and uniform framework to re-evaluate five popular models across nine common benchmarks. Moreover, by comparing GNNs with structure-agnostic baselines we provide convincing evidence that, on some datasets, structural information has not been exploited yet. We believe that this work can contribute to the development of the graph learning field, by providing a much needed grounding for rigorous evaluations of graph classification models.

Key facts. Cited by 244 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 20 Dec 2019.

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 48; 2022: 51; 2023: 47; 2024: 45; 2025: 29; 2026: 24.

244 papers.

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  1. 2021Beyond Low-frequency Information in Graph Convolutional Networkscited by 361
  2. 2023GPT4Graph: Can Large Language Models Understand Graph Structured Data ? An Empirical Evaluation and Benchmarkingcited by 209
  3. 2022Representing Long-Range Context for Graph Neural Networks with Global Attentioncited by 193
  4. 2021Nested Graph Neural Networkscited by 136
  5. 2021Interpreting and Unifying Graph Neural Networks with An Optimization Frameworkcited by 131
  6. 2021Accurate Learning of Graph Representations with Graph Multiset Poolingcited by 120
  7. 2022Towards Better Evaluation for Dynamic Link Predictioncited by 120
  8. 2021Graph Neural Networks in Network Neurosciencecited by 91
  9. 2021Be Confident! Towards Trustworthy Graph Neural Networks via Confidence Calibrationcited by 91
  10. 2022Trustworthy Graph Neural Networks: Aspects, Methods and Trendscited by 88
  11. 2022Expander Graph Propagationcited by 75
  12. 2022BrainGB: A Benchmark for Brain Network Analysis with Graph Neural Networkscited by 73
38 more
  1. 2023Evaluating Graph Neural Networks for Link Prediction: Current Pitfalls and New Benchmarkingcited by 69
  2. 2022Structural Entropy Guided Graph Hierarchical Poolingcited by 62
  3. 2022GraphWorld: Fake Graphs Bring Real Insights for GNNscited by 56
  4. 2021A Hyperbolic-to-Hyperbolic Graph Convolutional Networkcited by 53
  5. 2022Graph Pooling for Graph Neural Networks: Progress, Challenges, and Opportunitiescited by 52
  6. 2025Position: Graph Learning Will Lose Relevance Due To Poor Benchmarkscited by 52
  7. 2022KerGNNs: Interpretable Graph Neural Networks with Graph Kernelscited by 50
  8. 2021On Positional and Structural Node Features for Graph Neural Networks on Non-attributed Graphscited by 49
  9. 2024KAGNNs: Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks meet Graph Learningcited by 48
  10. 2022Shortest Path Networks for Graph Property Predictioncited by 46
  11. 2022Raising the Bar in Graph-level Anomaly Detectioncited by 45
  12. 2022Hyperbolic Graph Neural Networks: A Review of Methods and Applicationscited by 40
  13. 2022What Makes Graph Neural Networks Miscalibrated?cited by 39
  14. 2023Generalization in Graph Neural Networks: Improved PAC-Bayesian Bounds on Graph Diffusioncited by 39
  15. 2021From block-Toeplitz matrices to differential equations on graphs: towards a general theory for scalable masked Transformerscited by 38
  16. 2021A Review of Biomedical Datasets Relating to Drug Discovery: A Knowledge Graph Perspectivecited by 37
  17. 2021Edge Representation Learning with Hypergraphscited by 37
  18. 2021Pooling Architecture Search for Graph Classificationcited by 36
  19. 2023The expressive power of pooling in Graph Neural Networkscited by 35
  20. 2023Cooperative Graph Neural Networkscited by 35
  21. 2024TGB 2.0: A Benchmark for Learning on Temporal Knowledge Graphs and Heterogeneous Graphscited by 35
  22. 2021MEG: Generating Molecular Counterfactual Explanations for Deep Graph Networkscited by 32
  23. 2023Path Neural Networks: Expressive and Accurate Graph Neural Networkscited by 32
  24. 2024Residual Connections and Normalization Can Provably Prevent Oversmoothing in GNNscited by 31
  25. 2021Graph Transplant: Node Saliency-Guided Graph Mixup with Local Structure Preservationcited by 30
  26. 2022How stable are Transferability Metrics evaluations?cited by 30
  27. 2021Imbalanced Graph Classification via Graph-of-Graph Neural Networkscited by 27
  28. 2023Graph Neural Networks Use Graphs When They Shouldn'tcited by 25
  29. 2023Beyond Text: A Deep Dive into Large Language Models' Ability on Understanding Graph Datacited by 25
  30. 2022High-Order Pooling for Graph Neural Networks with Tensor Decompositioncited by 24
  31. 2023Extracting Low-/High- Frequency Knowledge from Graph Neural Networks and Injecting it into MLPs: An Effective GNN-to-MLP Distillation Frameworkcited by 24
  32. 2025Can Classic GNNs Be Strong Baselines for Graph-level Tasks? Simple Architectures Meet Excellencecited by 24
  33. 2024GraphLand: Evaluating Graph Machine Learning Models on Diverse Industrial Datacited by 20
  34. 2024The Interpretable and Effective Graph Neural Additive Networkscited by 19
  35. 2021Understanding the Performance of Knowledge Graph Embeddings in Drug Discoverycited by 18
  36. 2021Bridging the Gap between Spatial and Spectral Domains: A Unified Framework for Graph Neural Networkscited by 18
  37. 2023On the Expressivity of Persistent Homology in Graph Learningcited by 18
  38. 2025GNNs as Predictors of Agentic Workflow Performancescited by 17

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