A Fair Comparison of Graph Neural Networks for Graph Classification
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Abstract (arXiv)
Experimental reproducibility and replicability are critical topics in machine learning. Authors have often raised concerns about their lack in scientific publications to improve the quality of the field. Recently, the graph representation learning field has attracted the attention of a wide research community, which resulted in a large stream of works. As such, several Graph Neural Network models have been developed to effectively tackle graph classification. However, experimental procedures often lack rigorousness and are hardly reproducible. Motivated by this, we provide an overview of common practices that should be avoided to fairly compare with the state of the art. To counter this troubling trend, we ran more than 47000 experiments in a controlled and uniform framework to re-evaluate five popular models across nine common benchmarks. Moreover, by comparing GNNs with structure-agnostic baselines we provide convincing evidence that, on some datasets, structural information has not been exploited yet. We believe that this work can contribute to the development of the graph learning field, by providing a much needed grounding for rigorous evaluations of graph classification models.
Key facts. Cited by 244 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 20 Dec 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 48; 2022: 51; 2023: 47; 2024: 45; 2025: 29; 2026: 24.
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- 2021Beyond Low-frequency Information in Graph Convolutional Networkscited by 361
- 2023GPT4Graph: Can Large Language Models Understand Graph Structured Data ? An Empirical Evaluation and Benchmarkingcited by 209
- 2022Representing Long-Range Context for Graph Neural Networks with Global Attentioncited by 193
- 2021Nested Graph Neural Networkscited by 136
- 2021Interpreting and Unifying Graph Neural Networks with An Optimization Frameworkcited by 131
- 2021Accurate Learning of Graph Representations with Graph Multiset Poolingcited by 120
- 2022Towards Better Evaluation for Dynamic Link Predictioncited by 120
- 2021Graph Neural Networks in Network Neurosciencecited by 91
- 2021Be Confident! Towards Trustworthy Graph Neural Networks via Confidence Calibrationcited by 91
- 2022Trustworthy Graph Neural Networks: Aspects, Methods and Trendscited by 88
- 2022Expander Graph Propagationcited by 75
- 2022BrainGB: A Benchmark for Brain Network Analysis with Graph Neural Networkscited by 73
38 more
- 2023Evaluating Graph Neural Networks for Link Prediction: Current Pitfalls and New Benchmarkingcited by 69
- 2022Structural Entropy Guided Graph Hierarchical Poolingcited by 62
- 2022GraphWorld: Fake Graphs Bring Real Insights for GNNscited by 56
- 2021A Hyperbolic-to-Hyperbolic Graph Convolutional Networkcited by 53
- 2022Graph Pooling for Graph Neural Networks: Progress, Challenges, and Opportunitiescited by 52
- 2025Position: Graph Learning Will Lose Relevance Due To Poor Benchmarkscited by 52
- 2022KerGNNs: Interpretable Graph Neural Networks with Graph Kernelscited by 50
- 2021On Positional and Structural Node Features for Graph Neural Networks on Non-attributed Graphscited by 49
- 2024KAGNNs: Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks meet Graph Learningcited by 48
- 2022Shortest Path Networks for Graph Property Predictioncited by 46
- 2022Raising the Bar in Graph-level Anomaly Detectioncited by 45
- 2022Hyperbolic Graph Neural Networks: A Review of Methods and Applicationscited by 40
- 2022What Makes Graph Neural Networks Miscalibrated?cited by 39
- 2023Generalization in Graph Neural Networks: Improved PAC-Bayesian Bounds on Graph Diffusioncited by 39
- 2021From block-Toeplitz matrices to differential equations on graphs: towards a general theory for scalable masked Transformerscited by 38
- 2021A Review of Biomedical Datasets Relating to Drug Discovery: A Knowledge Graph Perspectivecited by 37
- 2021Edge Representation Learning with Hypergraphscited by 37
- 2021Pooling Architecture Search for Graph Classificationcited by 36
- 2023The expressive power of pooling in Graph Neural Networkscited by 35
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- 2024TGB 2.0: A Benchmark for Learning on Temporal Knowledge Graphs and Heterogeneous Graphscited by 35
- 2021MEG: Generating Molecular Counterfactual Explanations for Deep Graph Networkscited by 32
- 2023Path Neural Networks: Expressive and Accurate Graph Neural Networkscited by 32
- 2024Residual Connections and Normalization Can Provably Prevent Oversmoothing in GNNscited by 31
- 2021Graph Transplant: Node Saliency-Guided Graph Mixup with Local Structure Preservationcited by 30
- 2022How stable are Transferability Metrics evaluations?cited by 30
- 2021Imbalanced Graph Classification via Graph-of-Graph Neural Networkscited by 27
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- 2023Beyond Text: A Deep Dive into Large Language Models' Ability on Understanding Graph Datacited by 25
- 2022High-Order Pooling for Graph Neural Networks with Tensor Decompositioncited by 24
- 2023Extracting Low-/High- Frequency Knowledge from Graph Neural Networks and Injecting it into MLPs: An Effective GNN-to-MLP Distillation Frameworkcited by 24
- 2025Can Classic GNNs Be Strong Baselines for Graph-level Tasks? Simple Architectures Meet Excellencecited by 24
- 2024GraphLand: Evaluating Graph Machine Learning Models on Diverse Industrial Datacited by 20
- 2024The Interpretable and Effective Graph Neural Additive Networkscited by 19
- 2021Understanding the Performance of Knowledge Graph Embeddings in Drug Discoverycited by 18
- 2021Bridging the Gap between Spatial and Spectral Domains: A Unified Framework for Graph Neural Networkscited by 18
- 2023On the Expressivity of Persistent Homology in Graph Learningcited by 18
- 2025GNNs as Predictors of Agentic Workflow Performancescited by 17
50 most cited of 244 All 244 (JSON)
- 2026NodeGround: A Node Classification Benchmark in the Graph Foundation Model Era30 Sep 2026
- 2026The Selection Rule Decides the Winner: A Pre-Registered Audit of Open-Set Graph Anomaly Detection27 Sep 2026
- 2026Look Before You Lift: Visual and Quantitative Diagnostics for Topological Deep Learning15 Aug 2026
- 2026Benchmarking Sheaf Neural Networks for Inductive Tasks3 Aug 2026
- 2026TopoFormer: Topology Meets Attention for Graph Learning30 Jul 2026
- 2026MEGA-CL: A Molecular Foundation Model for Generalizable ADMET Prediction through Graph External Attention and Contrastive Learning27 Jul 2026
- 2026A Fair Evaluation of Graph Foundation Models for Node Property Prediction23 Jun 2026
- 2026Beyond Convolution: Advancing Hypergraph Neural Networks with Hypergraph U-Nets8 Jun 2026
- 2026When Tabular Foundation Models Transfer Across Modalities: A Systematic Evaluation Across 95 Datasets, 7 Modalities, and Two Regimes1 Jun 2026
- 2026AbstainGNN: Teaching Graph Neural Networks to Abstain for Graph Classification29 May 2026
- 2026Invariant-Based Weight Sharing for Message Passing25 May 2026
- 2026Learning over Positive and Negative Edges with Contrastive Message Passing18 May 2026
38 more
- 2026CTQWformer: A CTQW-based Transformer for Graph Classification10 May 2026
- 2026Have Graph -- Will Lift? The Case for Higher-Order Benchmarks8 May 2026
- 2026Measuring Structure in Graph Benchmark Datasets Using Graph Invariants7 May 2026
- 2026Adversarial Graph Neural Network Benchmarks: Towards Practical and Fair Evaluation7 May 2026
- 2026SketchGraphNet: A Memory-Efficient Hybrid Graph Transformer for Large-Scale Sketch Corpora Recognition8 Mar 2026
- 2026Topology Matters: A Cautionary Case Study of Graph SSL on Neuro-Inspired Benchmarks3 Feb 2026
- 2026GraphNNK -- Graph Classification and Interpretability31 Jan 2026
- 2026Structurally Human, Semantically Biased: Detecting LLM-Generated References with Embeddings and GNNs28 Jan 2026
- 2026Fixed Aggregation Features Can Rival GNNs27 Jan 2026
- 2026Explore Brain-Inspired Machine Intelligence for Connecting Dots on Graphs Through Holographic Blueprint of Oscillatory Synchronization20 Jan 2026
- 2026Position: Don't be Afraid of Over-Smoothing And Over-Squashing12 Jan 2026
- 2026Rethinking GNNs and Missing Features: Challenges, Evaluation and a Robust Solution8 Jan 2026
- 2025Enhancing Graph Classification Robustness with Singular Pooling26 Oct 2025
- 2025Computationally-efficient Graph Modeling with Refined Graph Random Features9 Oct 2025
- 2025ICEPool: Enhancing Graph Pooling Networks with Inter-cluster Connectivity5 Oct 2025
- 2025MoSE: Unveiling Structural Patterns in Graphs via Mixture of Subgraph Experts11 Sep 2025
- 2025Graph Contrastive Learning versus Untrained Baselines: The Role of Dataset Size1 Sep 2025
- 2025Graph Learning via Logic-Based Weisfeiler-Leman Variants and Tabularization14 Aug 2025
- 2025Learnable quantum spectral filters for hybrid graph neural networks8 Jul 2025
- 2025Variational Kolmogorov-Arnold Network3 Jul 2025
- 2025Bridging Theory and Practice in Link Representation with Graph Neural Networks30 Jun 2025
- 2025Do We Really Need GNNs with Explicit Structural Modeling? MLPs Suffice for Language Model Representations26 Jun 2025
- 2025How do Probabilistic Graphical Models and Graph Neural Networks Look at Network Data?13 Jun 2025
- 2025Geometry-Aware Edge Pooling for Graph Neural Networks13 Jun 2025
- 2025Heterogeneous Graph Backdoor Attack30 May 2025
- 2025Chordless Structure: A Pathway to Simple and Expressive GNNs25 May 2025
- 2025Self-Reinforced Graph Contrastive Learning19 May 2025
- 2025Identifying Obfuscated Code through Graph-Based Semantic Analysis of Binary Code2 Apr 2025
- 2025Evaluating machine learning models for predicting pesticide toxicity to honey bees31 Mar 2025
- 2025Node Embeddings via Neighbor Embeddings31 Mar 2025
- 2025Efficient quantification on large-scale networks19 Mar 2025
- 2025GNNs as Predictors of Agentic Workflow Performances14 Mar 2025
- 2025Depth-Adaptive Graph Neural Networks via Learnable Bakry-'Emery Curvature3 Mar 2025
- 2025Position: Graph Learning Will Lose Relevance Due To Poor Benchmarks20 Feb 2025
- 2025Can Classic GNNs Be Strong Baselines for Graph-level Tasks? Simple Architectures Meet Excellence13 Feb 2025
- 2025GNNs Getting ComFy: Community and Feature Similarity Guided Rewiring7 Feb 2025
- 2025No Metric to Rule Them All: Toward Principled Evaluations of Graph-Learning Datasets4 Feb 2025
- 2025Exact Computation of Any-Order Shapley Interactions for Graph Neural Networks28 Jan 2025
50 newest of 244 All 244 (JSON)
- 2024Cross-Domain Graph Data Scaling: A Showcase with Diffusion Modelscited by 8
- 2024Stealing Training Graphs from Graph Neural Networkscited by 3
- 2024From Graph Diffusion to Graph Classificationcited by 2
- 2024From Graph Diffusion to Graph Classification26 Nov 2024
- 2024Stealing Training Graphs from Graph Neural Networks17 Nov 2024
- 2024Cross-Domain Graph Data Scaling: A Showcase with Diffusion Models4 Jun 2024
- 2025GNNs as Predictors of Agentic Workflow Performancescited by 17
- 2025GNNs as Predictors of Agentic Workflow Performances14 Mar 2025
- 2021Beyond Low-frequency Information in Graph Convolutional Networkscited by 361
- 2023GPT4Graph: Can Large Language Models Understand Graph Structured Data ? An Empirical Evaluation and Benchmarkingcited by 209
- 2022Representing Long-Range Context for Graph Neural Networks with Global Attentioncited by 193
- 2021Nested Graph Neural Networkscited by 136
- 2021Interpreting and Unifying Graph Neural Networks with An Optimization Frameworkcited by 131
- 2021Accurate Learning of Graph Representations with Graph Multiset Poolingcited by 120
- 2022Towards Better Evaluation for Dynamic Link Predictioncited by 120
- 2021Graph Neural Networks in Network Neurosciencecited by 91
- 2021Be Confident! Towards Trustworthy Graph Neural Networks via Confidence Calibrationcited by 91
- 2022Trustworthy Graph Neural Networks: Aspects, Methods and Trendscited by 88
- 2022Expander Graph Propagationcited by 75
- 2022BrainGB: A Benchmark for Brain Network Analysis with Graph Neural Networkscited by 73
12 most cited of 240 All 240 (JSON)
- 2026NodeGround: A Node Classification Benchmark in the Graph Foundation Model Era30 Sep 2026
- 2026The Selection Rule Decides the Winner: A Pre-Registered Audit of Open-Set Graph Anomaly Detection27 Sep 2026
- 2026Look Before You Lift: Visual and Quantitative Diagnostics for Topological Deep Learning15 Aug 2026
- 2026Benchmarking Sheaf Neural Networks for Inductive Tasks3 Aug 2026
- 2026TopoFormer: Topology Meets Attention for Graph Learning30 Jul 2026
- 2026MEGA-CL: A Molecular Foundation Model for Generalizable ADMET Prediction through Graph External Attention and Contrastive Learning27 Jul 2026
- 2026A Fair Evaluation of Graph Foundation Models for Node Property Prediction23 Jun 2026
- 2026Beyond Convolution: Advancing Hypergraph Neural Networks with Hypergraph U-Nets8 Jun 2026
- 2026When Tabular Foundation Models Transfer Across Modalities: A Systematic Evaluation Across 95 Datasets, 7 Modalities, and Two Regimes1 Jun 2026
- 2026AbstainGNN: Teaching Graph Neural Networks to Abstain for Graph Classification29 May 2026
- 2026Invariant-Based Weight Sharing for Message Passing25 May 2026
- 2026Learning over Positive and Negative Edges with Contrastive Message Passing18 May 2026
12 newest of 240 All 240 (JSON)