Task-Oriented Dialog Systems that Consider Multiple Appropriate Responses under the Same Context
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Abstract (arXiv)
Conversations have an intrinsic one-to-many property, which means that multiple responses can be appropriate for the same dialog context. In task-oriented dialogs, this property leads to different valid dialog policies towards task completion. However, none of the existing task-oriented dialog generation approaches takes this property into account. We propose a Multi-Action Data Augmentation (MADA) framework to utilize the one-to-many property to generate diverse appropriate dialog responses. Specifically, we first use dialog states to summarize the dialog history, and then discover all possible mappings from every dialog state to its different valid system actions. During dialog system training, we enable the current dialog state to map to all valid system actions discovered in the previous process to create additional state-action pairs. By incorporating these additional pairs, the dialog policy learns a balanced action distribution, which further guides the dialog model to generate diverse responses. Experimental results show that the proposed framework consistently improves dialog policy diversity, and results in improved response diversity and appropriateness. Our model obtains state-of-the-art results on MultiWOZ.
Key facts. Cited by 99 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 24 Nov 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 25; 2022: 40; 2023: 18; 2024: 11; 2025: 4; 2026: 1.
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- 2021A Survey of Data Augmentation Approaches for NLPcited by 408
- 2021Multi-Task Pre-Training for Plug-and-Play Task-Oriented Dialogue Systemcited by 139
- 2021Advances and Challenges in Conversational Recommender Systems: A Surveycited by 118
- 2021GALAXY: A Generative Pre-trained Model for Task-Oriented Dialog with Semi-Supervised Learning and Explicit Policy Injectioncited by 102
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- 2021Shades of BLEU, Flavours of Success: The Case of MultiWOZcited by 48
- 2022Generative Augmented Flow Networkscited by 48
- 2022In-Context Learning for Few-Shot Dialogue State Trackingcited by 47
- 2022Controllable Dialogue Simulation with In-Context Learningcited by 42
- 2023SGP-TOD: Building Task Bots Effortlessly via Schema-Guided LLM Promptingcited by 39
- 2025KABB: Knowledge-Aware Bayesian Bandits for Dynamic Expert Coordination in Multi-Agent Systemscited by 36
38 more
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- 2022CHAI: A CHatbot AI for Task-Oriented Dialogue with Offline Reinforcement Learningcited by 33
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- 2021Semi-Supervised Variational Reasoning for Medical Dialogue Generationcited by 30
- 2021Annotation Inconsistency and Entity Bias in MultiWOZcited by 30
- 2022A Survey on Recent Advances and Challenges in Reinforcement Learning Methods for Task-Oriented Dialogue Policy Learningcited by 30
- 2024Satori: Towards Proactive AR Assistant with Belief-Desire-Intention User Modelingcited by 24
- 2021Pretraining the Noisy Channel Model for Task-Oriented Dialoguecited by 23
- 2022Context-Aware Language Modeling for Goal-Oriented Dialogue Systemscited by 22
- 2022Dialogue Summaries as Dialogue States (DS2), Template-Guided Summarization for Few-shot Dialogue State Trackingcited by 21
- 2022BORT: Back and Denoising Reconstruction for End-to-End Task-Oriented Dialogcited by 20
- 2023Fantastic Rewards and How to Tame Them: A Case Study on Reward Learning for Task-oriented Dialogue Systemscited by 19
- 2021Domain State Tracking for a Simplified Dialogue Systemcited by 17
- 2023End-to-end Task-oriented Dialogue: A Survey of Tasks, Methods, and Future Directionscited by 17
- 2021NeuralWOZ: Learning to Collect Task-Oriented Dialogue via Model-Based Simulationcited by 16
- 2021Task-Oriented Dialogue System as Natural Language Generationcited by 14
- 2021Variational Latent-State GPT for Semi-Supervised Task-Oriented Dialog Systemscited by 13
- 2022A Slot Is Not Built in One Utterance: Spoken Language Dialogs with Sub-Slotscited by 13
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- 2022Unsupervised Slot Schema Induction for Task-oriented Dialogcited by 11
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- 2022Mars: Modeling Context & State Representations with Contrastive Learning for End-to-End Task-Oriented Dialogcited by 11
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- 2022Metaphorical User Simulators for Evaluating Task-oriented Dialogue Systemscited by 9
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- 2022KRLS: Improving End-to-End Response Generation in Task Oriented Dialog with Reinforced Keywords Learningcited by 9
- 2021Retrieve & Memorize: Dialog Policy Learning with Multi-Action Memorycited by 8
- 2022Structure Extraction in Task-Oriented Dialogues with Slot Clusteringcited by 8
- 2022Efficient Task-Oriented Dialogue Systems with Response Selection as an Auxiliary Taskcited by 8
- 2022AARGH! End-to-end Retrieval-Generation for Task-Oriented Dialogcited by 8
- 2024Effective and Efficient Conversation Retrieval for Dialogue State Tracking with Implicit Text Summariescited by 8
- 2023Knowledge-Retrieval Task-Oriented Dialog Systems with Semi-Supervisioncited by 7
- 2023S3-DST: Structured Open-Domain Dialogue Segmentation and State Tracking in the Era of LLMscited by 7
- 2021HyKnow: End-to-End Task-Oriented Dialog Modeling with Hybrid Knowledge Managementcited by 6
- 2022A Challenge on Semi-Supervised and Reinforced Task-Oriented Dialog Systemscited by 6
- 2022A Generative User Simulator with GPT-based Architecture and Goal State Tracking for Reinforced Multi-Domain Dialog Systemscited by 6
50 most cited of 99 All 99 (JSON)
- 2026ESAinsTOD: A Unified End-to-End Schema-Aware Instruction-Tuning Framework for Task-Oriented Dialog Modeling10 Mar 2026
- 2025Instance Relation Learning Network with Label Knowledge Propagation for Few-shot Multi-label Intent Detection9 Oct 2025
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- 2025Dual Knowledge-Enhanced Two-Stage Reasoner for Multimodal Dialog Systems9 Sep 2025
- 2025KABB: Knowledge-Aware Bayesian Bandits for Dynamic Expert Coordination in Multi-Agent Systems11 Feb 2025
- 2024Improving Multi-Domain Task-Oriented Dialogue System with Offline Reinforcement Learning8 Nov 2024
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- 2024Training Zero-Shot Generalizable End-to-End Task-Oriented Dialog System Without Turn-level Dialog Annotations21 Jul 2024
- 2024Rewarding What Matters: Step-by-Step Reinforcement Learning for Task-Oriented Dialogue20 Jun 2024
- 2024Comparing Data Augmentation Methods for End-to-End Task-Oriented Dialog Systems10 Jun 2024
38 more
- 2024DivTOD: Unleashing the Power of LLMs for Diversifying Task-Oriented Dialogue Representations31 Mar 2024
- 2024JMultiWOZ: A Large-Scale Japanese Multi-Domain Task-Oriented Dialogue Dataset26 Mar 2024
- 2024Effective and Efficient Conversation Retrieval for Dialogue State Tracking with Implicit Text Summaries20 Feb 2024
- 2024TA&AT: Enhancing Task-Oriented Dialog with Turn-Level Auxiliary Tasks and Action-Tree Based Scheduled Sampling28 Jan 2024
- 2023OmniDialog: An Omnipotent Pre-training Model for Task-Oriented Dialogue System28 Dec 2023
- 2023Prompt Pool based Class-Incremental Continual Learning for Dialog State Tracking17 Nov 2023
- 2023End-to-end Task-oriented Dialogue: A Survey of Tasks, Methods, and Future Directions15 Nov 2023
- 2023IndoToD: A Multi-Domain Indonesian Benchmark For End-to-End Task-Oriented Dialogue Systems2 Nov 2023
- 2023InstructTODS: Large Language Models for End-to-End Task-Oriented Dialogue Systems13 Oct 2023
- 2023Large Language Models Are Also Good Prototypical Commonsense Reasoners22 Sep 2023
- 2023S3-DST: Structured Open-Domain Dialogue Segmentation and State Tracking in the Era of LLMs16 Sep 2023
- 2023X-RiSAWOZ: High-Quality End-to-End Multilingual Dialogue Datasets and Few-shot Agents30 Jun 2023
- 2023Multijugate Dual Learning for Low-Resource Task-Oriented Dialogue System25 May 2023
- 2023Knowledge-Retrieval Task-Oriented Dialog Systems with Semi-Supervision22 May 2023
- 2023SGP-TOD: Building Task Bots Effortlessly via Schema-Guided LLM Prompting15 May 2023
- 2023An Asynchronous Updating Reinforcement Learning Framework for Task-oriented Dialog System4 May 2023
- 2023Turning Flowchart into Dialog: Augmenting Flowchart-grounded Troubleshooting Dialogs via Synthetic Data Generation2 May 2023
- 2023Zero-Shot Generalizable End-to-End Task-Oriented Dialog System using Context Summarization and Domain Schema28 Mar 2023
- 2023More Robust Schema-Guided Dialogue State Tracking via Tree-Based Paraphrase Ranking17 Mar 2023
- 2023Guiding Large Language Models via Directional Stimulus Prompting22 Feb 2023
- 2023Fantastic Rewards and How to Tame Them: A Case Study on Reward Learning for Task-oriented Dialogue Systems20 Feb 2023
- 2023A Personalized Utterance Style (PUS) based Dialogue Strategy for Efficient Service Requirement Elicitation7 Jan 2023
- 2022Enhancing Task Bot Engagement with Synthesized Open-Domain Dialog20 Dec 2022
- 2022Mitigating Negative Style Transfer in Hybrid Dialogue System14 Dec 2022
- 2022KRLS: Improving End-to-End Response Generation in Task Oriented Dialog with Reinforced Keywords Learning30 Nov 2022
- 2022CGoDial: A Large-Scale Benchmark for Chinese Goal-oriented Dialog Evaluation21 Nov 2022
- 2022Reranking Overgenerated Responses for End-to-End Task-Oriented Dialogue Systems7 Nov 2022
- 2022Are Current Task-oriented Dialogue Systems Able to Satisfy Impolite Users?24 Oct 2022
- 2022Mars: Modeling Context & State Representations with Contrastive Learning for End-to-End Task-Oriented Dialog17 Oct 2022
- 2022A Generative User Simulator with GPT-based Architecture and Goal State Tracking for Reinforced Multi-Domain Dialog Systems17 Oct 2022
- 2022Jointly Reinforced User Simulator and Task-oriented Dialog System with Simplified Generative Architecture13 Oct 2022
- 2022Controllable Dialogue Simulation with In-Context Learning9 Oct 2022
- 2022Generative Augmented Flow Networks7 Oct 2022
- 2022Information Extraction and Human-Robot Dialogue towards Real-life Tasks: A Baseline Study with the MobileCS Dataset27 Sep 2022
- 2022UBARv2: Towards Mitigating Exposure Bias in Task-Oriented Dialogs15 Sep 2022
- 2022OPAL: Ontology-Aware Pretrained Language Model for End-to-End Task-Oriented Dialogue10 Sep 2022
- 2022AARGH! End-to-end Retrieval-Generation for Task-Oriented Dialog8 Sep 2022
- 2022Efficient Task-Oriented Dialogue Systems with Response Selection as an Auxiliary Task15 Aug 2022
50 newest of 99 All 99 (JSON)
- 2024An Empirical Study of Retrieval Augmented Generation with Chain-of-Thoughtcited by 6
- 2022An Interpretable Neuro-Symbolic Reasoning Framework for Task-Oriented Dialogue Generationcited by 5
- 2023Large Language Models Are Also Good Prototypical Commonsense Reasonerscited by 1
- 2025Dual Knowledge-Enhanced Two-Stage Reasoner for Multimodal Dialog Systemscited by 0
- 2025Dual Knowledge-Enhanced Two-Stage Reasoner for Multimodal Dialog Systems9 Sep 2025
- 2024An Empirical Study of Retrieval Augmented Generation with Chain-of-Thought22 Jul 2024
- 2023Large Language Models Are Also Good Prototypical Commonsense Reasoners22 Sep 2023
- 2022An Interpretable Neuro-Symbolic Reasoning Framework for Task-Oriented Dialogue Generation11 Mar 2022
- 2021A Survey of Data Augmentation Approaches for NLPcited by 408
- 2021Multi-Task Pre-Training for Plug-and-Play Task-Oriented Dialogue Systemcited by 139
- 2021Advances and Challenges in Conversational Recommender Systems: A Surveycited by 118
- 2021GALAXY: A Generative Pre-trained Model for Task-Oriented Dialog with Semi-Supervised Learning and Explicit Policy Injectioncited by 102
- 2023Guiding Large Language Models via Directional Stimulus Promptingcited by 94
- 2021Zero-Shot Dialogue State Tracking via Cross-Task Transfercited by 52
- 2021Shades of BLEU, Flavours of Success: The Case of MultiWOZcited by 48
- 2022Generative Augmented Flow Networkscited by 48
- 2022In-Context Learning for Few-Shot Dialogue State Trackingcited by 47
- 2022Controllable Dialogue Simulation with In-Context Learningcited by 42
- 2023SGP-TOD: Building Task Bots Effortlessly via Schema-Guided LLM Promptingcited by 39
- 2021Transferable Dialogue Systems and User Simulatorscited by 35
12 most cited of 92 All 92 (JSON)
- 2026ESAinsTOD: A Unified End-to-End Schema-Aware Instruction-Tuning Framework for Task-Oriented Dialog Modeling10 Mar 2026
- 2025Instance Relation Learning Network with Label Knowledge Propagation for Few-shot Multi-label Intent Detection9 Oct 2025
- 2025Collaborative and Proactive Management of Task-Oriented Conversations26 Sep 2025
- 2024Satori: Towards Proactive AR Assistant with Belief-Desire-Intention User Modeling22 Oct 2024
- 2024Survey of Design Paradigms for Social Robots30 Jul 2024
- 2024Training Zero-Shot Generalizable End-to-End Task-Oriented Dialog System Without Turn-level Dialog Annotations21 Jul 2024
- 2024Rewarding What Matters: Step-by-Step Reinforcement Learning for Task-Oriented Dialogue20 Jun 2024
- 2024Comparing Data Augmentation Methods for End-to-End Task-Oriented Dialog Systems10 Jun 2024
- 2024DivTOD: Unleashing the Power of LLMs for Diversifying Task-Oriented Dialogue Representations31 Mar 2024
- 2024JMultiWOZ: A Large-Scale Japanese Multi-Domain Task-Oriented Dialogue Dataset26 Mar 2024
- 2024Effective and Efficient Conversation Retrieval for Dialogue State Tracking with Implicit Text Summaries20 Feb 2024
- 2024TA&AT: Enhancing Task-Oriented Dialog with Turn-Level Auxiliary Tasks and Action-Tree Based Scheduled Sampling28 Jan 2024
12 newest of 92 All 92 (JSON)