Parallel Iterative Edit Models for Local Sequence Transduction
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Abstract (arXiv)
We present a Parallel Iterative Edit (PIE) model for the problem of local sequence transduction arising in tasks like Grammatical error correction (GEC). Recent approaches are based on the popular encoder-decoder (ED) model for sequence to sequence learning. The ED model auto-regressively captures full dependency among output tokens but is slow due to sequential decoding. The PIE model does parallel decoding, giving up the advantage of modelling full dependency in the output, yet it achieves accuracy competitive with the ED model for four reasons: 1.~predicting edits instead of tokens, 2.~labeling sequences instead of generating sequences, 3.~iteratively refining predictions to capture dependencies, and 4.~factorizing logits over edits and their token argument to harness pre-trained language models like BERT. Experiments on tasks spanning GEC, OCR correction and spell correction demonstrate that the PIE model is an accurate and significantly faster alternative for local sequence transduction.
Key facts. Cited by 81 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 7 Oct 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 15; 2022: 20; 2023: 19; 2024: 11; 2025: 10; 2026: 6.
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- 2021A Simple Recipe for Multilingual Grammatical Error Correctioncited by 108
- 2022PEER: A Collaborative Language Modelcited by 86
- 2021Instantaneous Grammatical Error Correction with Shallow Aggressive Decodingcited by 53
- 2023SummIt: Iterative Text Summarization via ChatGPTcited by 53
- 2022Grammatical Error Correction: A Survey of the State of the Artcited by 43
- 2022On Improving Summarization Factual Consistency from Natural Language Feedbackcited by 38
- 2022EdiT5: Semi-Autoregressive Text-Editing with T5 Warm-Startcited by 35
- 2021LM-Critic: Language Models for Unsupervised Grammatical Error Correctioncited by 33
- 2022MuCGEC: a Multi-Reference Multi-Source Evaluation Dataset for Chinese Grammatical Error Correctioncited by 33
- 2022SynGEC: Syntax-Enhanced Grammatical Error Correction with a Tailored GEC-Oriented Parsercited by 32
- 2021Text Simplification by Taggingcited by 27
- 2021ReasonBERT: Pre-trained to Reason with Distant Supervisioncited by 22
38 more
- 2023Advancements in Arabic Grammatical Error Detection and Correction: An Empirical Investigationcited by 22
- 2022Text Generation with Text-Editing Modelscited by 21
- 2022An Imitation Learning Curriculum for Text Editing with Non-Autoregressive Modelscited by 20
- 2022Improving Iterative Text Revision by Learning Where to Edit from Other Revision Taskscited by 20
- 2023Enhancing Grammatical Error Correction Systems with Explanationscited by 19
- 2021Generating Bug-Fixes Using Pretrained Transformerscited by 18
- 2022Lossless Acceleration for Seq2seq Generation with Aggressive Decodingcited by 18
- 2024Non-autoregressive Generative Models for Reranking Recommendationcited by 17
- 2022Sequence-to-Action: Grammatical Error Correction with Action Guided Sequence Generationcited by 15
- 2023Disentangled Phonetic Representation for Chinese Spelling Correctioncited by 14
- 2022FCGEC: Fine-Grained Corpus for Chinese Grammatical Error Correctioncited by 13
- 2022Ensembling and Knowledge Distilling of Large Sequence Taggers for Grammatical Error Correctioncited by 12
- 2023Beyond English: Evaluating LLMs for Arabic Grammatical Error Correctioncited by 12
- 2021Neural Quality Estimation with Multiple Hypotheses for Grammatical Error Correctioncited by 11
- 2021Lights, Camera, Action! A Framework to Improve NLP Accuracy over OCR documentscited by 11
- 2022Type-Driven Multi-Turn Corrections for Grammatical Error Correctioncited by 9
- 2023NaSGEC: a Multi-Domain Chinese Grammatical Error Correction Dataset from Native Speaker Textscited by 9
- 2025Enhancing Text Editing for Grammatical Error Correction: Arabic as a Case Studycited by 9
- 2025gec-metrics: A Unified Library for Grammatical Error Correction Evaluationcited by 9
- 2023Non-autoregressive Text Editing with Copy-aware Latent Alignmentscited by 8
- 2023Improving Seq2Seq Grammatical Error Correction via Decoding Interventionscited by 8
- 2021'UFAL at MultiLexNorm 2021: Improving Multilingual Lexical Normalization by Fine-tuning ByT5cited by 7
- 2021Character Transformations for Non-Autoregressive GEC Taggingcited by 7
- 2022Explicit Image Caption Editingcited by 7
- 2022From Spelling to Grammar: A New Framework for Chinese Grammatical Error Correctioncited by 7
- 2025Rethinking Evaluation Metrics for Grammatical Error Correction: Why Use a Different Evaluation Process than Human?cited by 7
- 2021Grammatical Error Correction as GAN-like Sequence Labelingcited by 6
- 2023An Extended Sequence Tagging Vocabulary for Grammatical Error Correctioncited by 6
- 2023RobustGEC: Robust Grammatical Error Correction Against Subtle Context Perturbationcited by 6
- 2024Improving Grammatical Error Correction via Contextual Data Augmentationcited by 6
- 2023Reducing Sequence Length by Predicting Edit Operations with Large Language Modelscited by 5
- 2023ChatGPT for Arabic Grammatical Error Correctioncited by 5
- 2023Efficient Grammatical Error Correction Via Multi-Task Training and Optimized Training Schedulecited by 5
- 2024Alirector: Alignment-Enhanced Chinese Grammatical Error Correctorcited by 5
- 2021A Syntax-Guided Grammatical Error Correction Model with Dependency Tree Correctioncited by 4
- 2023Minimum Bayes' Risk Decoding for System Combination of Grammatical Error Correction Systemscited by 4
- 2024LLM-based Code-Switched Text Generation for Grammatical Error Correctioncited by 4
- 2021Diversity-Driven Combination for Grammatical Error Correctioncited by 3
50 most cited of 81 All 81 (JSON)
- 2026Larger Context Window, Fewer Overcorrections: Optimizing Prompts and Batching for Minimal-Edit Grammatical Error Correction9 Sep 2026
- 2026STAGEET: Stage-wise Typed Edit Tagging for Grammatical Error Correction with Arabic as a Case Study23 Jul 2026
- 2026BeatEdit: Symbolic Music Generation as Explicit Editing13 Jul 2026
- 2026Encode Errors: Representational Retrieval of In-Context Demonstrations for Multilingual Grammatical Error Correction13 Jun 2026
- 2026CoCoGEC: Counterfactual Generation for Robust Grammatical Error Correction13 Jun 2026
- 2026Edit-level Majority Voting Mitigates Over-Correction in LLM-based Grammatical Error Correction13 May 2026
- 2025Layout-Aware Text Editing for Efficient Transformation of Academic PDFs to Markdown19 Dec 2025
- 2025"When Data is Scarce, Prompt Smarter"... Approaches to Grammatical Error Correction in Low-Resource Settings25 Nov 2025
- 2025Time Is Effort: Estimating Human Post-Editing Time for Grammar Error Correction Tool Evaluation5 Oct 2025
- 2025RE2: Improving Chinese Grammatical Error Correction via Retrieving Appropriate Examples with Explanation30 Sep 2025
- 2025Leveraging What's Overfixed: Post-Correction via LLM Grammatical Error Overcorrection25 Sep 2025
- 2025gec-metrics: A Unified Library for Grammatical Error Correction Evaluation26 May 2025
38 more
- 2025Enhancing Text Editing for Grammatical Error Correction: Arabic as a Case Study2 Mar 2025
- 2025MorphNLI: A Stepwise Approach to Natural Language Inference Using Text Morphing13 Feb 2025
- 2025Rethinking Evaluation Metrics for Grammatical Error Correction: Why Use a Different Evaluation Process than Human?13 Feb 2025
- 2025Explanation based In-Context Demonstrations Retrieval for Multilingual Grammatical Error Correction12 Feb 2025
- 2024Multi-head Sequence Tagging Model for Grammatical Error Correction21 Oct 2024
- 2024LLM-based Code-Switched Text Generation for Grammatical Error Correction14 Oct 2024
- 2024Zero-shot Cross-Lingual Transfer for Synthetic Data Generation in Grammatical Error Detection16 Jul 2024
- 2024Improving Grammatical Error Correction via Contextual Data Augmentation25 Jun 2024
- 2024Detection-Correction Structure via General Language Model for Grammatical Error Correction28 May 2024
- 2024Grammatical Error Correction for Code-Switched Sentences by Learners of English18 Apr 2024
- 2024LM-Combiner: A Contextual Rewriting Model for Chinese Grammatical Error Correction26 Mar 2024
- 2024Revisiting Meta-evaluation for Grammatical Error Correction5 Mar 2024
- 2024Non-autoregressive Generative Models for Reranking Recommendation10 Feb 2024
- 2024Alirector: Alignment-Enhanced Chinese Grammatical Error Corrector7 Feb 2024
- 2024Survey of Natural Language Processing for Education: Taxonomy, Systematic Review, and Future Trends15 Jan 2024
- 2023Beyond English: Evaluating LLMs for Arabic Grammatical Error Correction13 Dec 2023
- 2023Grammatical Error Correction via Mixed-Grained Weighted Training23 Nov 2023
- 2023Efficient Grammatical Error Correction Via Multi-Task Training and Optimized Training Schedule20 Nov 2023
- 2023GEC-DePenD: Non-Autoregressive Grammatical Error Correction with Decoupled Permutation and Decoding14 Nov 2023
- 2023Improving Seq2Seq Grammatical Error Correction via Decoding Interventions23 Oct 2023
- 2023Beyond Hard Samples: Robust and Effective Grammatical Error Correction with Cycle Self-Augmenting20 Oct 2023
- 2023Non-autoregressive Text Editing with Copy-aware Latent Alignments11 Oct 2023
- 2023RobustGEC: Robust Grammatical Error Correction Against Subtle Context Perturbation11 Oct 2023
- 2023RedPenNet for Grammatical Error Correction: Outputs to Tokens, Attentions to Spans19 Sep 2023
- 2023Minimum Bayes' Risk Decoding for System Combination of Grammatical Error Correction Systems12 Sep 2023
- 2023ChatGPT for Arabic Grammatical Error Correction8 Aug 2023
- 2023Does Correction Remain A Problem For Large Language Models?3 Aug 2023
- 2023NaSGEC: a Multi-Domain Chinese Grammatical Error Correction Dataset from Native Speaker Texts25 May 2023
- 2023Enhancing Grammatical Error Correction Systems with Explanations25 May 2023
- 2023SummIt: Iterative Text Summarization via ChatGPT24 May 2023
- 2023Disentangled Phonetic Representation for Chinese Spelling Correction24 May 2023
- 2023Advancements in Arabic Grammatical Error Detection and Correction: An Empirical Investigation24 May 2023
- 2023Reducing Sequence Length by Predicting Edit Operations with Large Language Models19 May 2023
- 2023An Extended Sequence Tagging Vocabulary for Grammatical Error Correction12 Feb 2023
- 2022On Improving Summarization Factual Consistency from Natural Language Feedback20 Dec 2022
- 2022Improving Iterative Text Revision by Learning Where to Edit from Other Revision Tasks2 Dec 2022
- 2022Grammatical Error Correction: A Survey of the State of the Art9 Nov 2022
- 2022From Spelling to Grammar: A New Framework for Chinese Grammatical Error Correction3 Nov 2022
50 newest of 81 All 81 (JSON)
- 2021A Simple Recipe for Multilingual Grammatical Error Correctioncited by 108
- 2022PEER: A Collaborative Language Modelcited by 86
- 2023SummIt: Iterative Text Summarization via ChatGPTcited by 53
- 2022Grammatical Error Correction: A Survey of the State of the Artcited by 43
- 2022EdiT5: Semi-Autoregressive Text-Editing with T5 Warm-Startcited by 35
- 2021LM-Critic: Language Models for Unsupervised Grammatical Error Correctioncited by 33
- 2022MuCGEC: a Multi-Reference Multi-Source Evaluation Dataset for Chinese Grammatical Error Correctioncited by 33
- 2022SynGEC: Syntax-Enhanced Grammatical Error Correction with a Tailored GEC-Oriented Parsercited by 32
- 2021Text Simplification by Taggingcited by 27
- 2021ReasonBERT: Pre-trained to Reason with Distant Supervisioncited by 22
- 2023Advancements in Arabic Grammatical Error Detection and Correction: An Empirical Investigationcited by 22
- 2022Text Generation with Text-Editing Modelscited by 21
12 most cited of 78 All 78 (JSON)
- 2026Larger Context Window, Fewer Overcorrections: Optimizing Prompts and Batching for Minimal-Edit Grammatical Error Correction9 Sep 2026
- 2026STAGEET: Stage-wise Typed Edit Tagging for Grammatical Error Correction with Arabic as a Case Study23 Jul 2026
- 2026BeatEdit: Symbolic Music Generation as Explicit Editing13 Jul 2026
- 2026Encode Errors: Representational Retrieval of In-Context Demonstrations for Multilingual Grammatical Error Correction13 Jun 2026
- 2026CoCoGEC: Counterfactual Generation for Robust Grammatical Error Correction13 Jun 2026
- 2026Edit-level Majority Voting Mitigates Over-Correction in LLM-based Grammatical Error Correction13 May 2026
- 2025Layout-Aware Text Editing for Efficient Transformation of Academic PDFs to Markdown19 Dec 2025
- 2025"When Data is Scarce, Prompt Smarter"... Approaches to Grammatical Error Correction in Low-Resource Settings25 Nov 2025
- 2025Time Is Effort: Estimating Human Post-Editing Time for Grammar Error Correction Tool Evaluation5 Oct 2025
- 2025RE2: Improving Chinese Grammatical Error Correction via Retrieving Appropriate Examples with Explanation30 Sep 2025
- 2025Leveraging What's Overfixed: Post-Correction via LLM Grammatical Error Overcorrection25 Sep 2025
- 2025gec-metrics: A Unified Library for Grammatical Error Correction Evaluation26 May 2025
12 newest of 78 All 78 (JSON)