Graph Representation Learning: A Survey
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Abstract (arXiv)
Research on graph representation learning has received a lot of attention in recent years since many data in real-world applications come in form of graphs. High-dimensional graph data are often in irregular form, which makes them more difficult to analyze than image/video/audio data defined on regular lattices. Various graph embedding techniques have been developed to convert the raw graph data into a low-dimensional vector representation while preserving the intrinsic graph properties. In this review, we first explain the graph embedding task and its challenges. Next, we review a wide range of graph embedding techniques with insights. Then, we evaluate several state-of-the-art methods against small and large datasets and compare their performance. Finally, potential applications and future directions are presented.
Key facts. Cited by 75 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 3 Sep 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 8; 2022: 16; 2023: 16; 2024: 16; 2025: 11; 2026: 8.
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- 2022A Survey of Machine Unlearningcited by 312
- 2021Graph Representation Learning in Biomedicinecited by 80
- 2023A Comprehensive Survey on Deep Graph Representation Learningcited by 72
- 2022A Survey on Graph Representation Learning Methodscited by 66
- 2022Transformers in Medical Image Analysis: A Reviewcited by 41
- 2024Graph Transformers: A Surveycited by 32
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- 2024A survey of dynamic graph neural networkscited by 24
- 2022Deep Generative Model for Periodic Graphscited by 20
- 2022Controllable Data Generation by Deep Learning: A Reviewcited by 20
- 2023Graph Invariant Learning with Subgraph Co-mixup for Out-Of-Distribution Generalizationcited by 18
- 2022How Expressive are Transformers in Spectral Domain for Graphs?cited by 15
38 more
- 2023Search to Fine-tune Pre-trained Graph Neural Networks for Graph-level Taskscited by 13
- 2023A Survey on Malware Detection with Graph Representation Learningcited by 11
- 2021Recommender systems based on graph embedding techniques: A comprehensive reviewcited by 8
- 2022Towards Generalizable Graph Contrastive Learning: An Information Theory Perspectivecited by 8
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- 2021Persistent Homology and Graphs Representation Learningcited by 5
- 2022Empirical Evaluation and Theoretical Analysis for Representation Learning: A Surveycited by 5
- 2022Robust Graph Representation Learning via Predictive Codingcited by 5
- 2024Improving out-of-distribution generalization in graphs via hierarchical semantic environmentscited by 5
- 2024Explainable Graph Neural Networks Under Firecited by 5
- 2021Learning Bi-typed Multi-relational Heterogeneous Graph via Dual Hierarchical Attention Networkscited by 4
- 2022mathsfG2Retro as a Two-Step Graph Generative Models for Retrosynthesis Predictioncited by 4
- 2022A Survey on Temporal Graph Representation Learning and Generative Modelingcited by 4
- 2023A Comprehensive Survey on Graph Summarization with Graph Neural Networkscited by 4
- 2023Independent Distribution Regularization for Private Graph Embeddingcited by 4
- 2024Graph Neural Backdoor: Fundamentals, Methodologies, Applications, and Future Directionscited by 4
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- 2023H2TNE: Temporal Heterogeneous Information Network Embedding in Hyperbolic Spacescited by 3
- 2023Connector 0.5: A unified framework for graph representation learningcited by 3
- 2023Graph Anomaly Detection at Group Level: A Topology Pattern Enhanced Unsupervised Approachcited by 3
- 2023Contrastive Learning for Non-Local Graphs with Multi-Resolution Structural Viewscited by 3
- 2024VeTraSS: Vehicle Trajectory Similarity Search Through Graph Modeling and Representation Learningcited by 3
- 2025Incorporating Spatial Information into Goal-Conditioned Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning via Graph Representationscited by 3
- 2026LEDA: Latent Semantic Distribution Alignment for Multi-domain Graph Pre-trainingcited by 3
- 2021Exact Recovery of Community Structures Using DeepWalk and Node2veccited by 2
- 2021Label Propagation across Graphs: Node Classification using Graph Neural Tangent Kernelscited by 2
- 2023Zoo Guide to Network Embeddingcited by 2
- 2023An Edge-Aware Graph Autoencoder Trained on Scale-Imbalanced Data for Traveling Salesman Problemscited by 2
- 2024Link-aware link prediction over temporal graph by pattern recognitioncited by 2
- 2024Understanding Optimal Feature Transfer via a Fine-Grained Bias-Variance Analysiscited by 2
- 2024Network Topology Inference from Smooth Signals Under Partial Observabilitycited by 2
- 2025Hybrid-Hierarchical Fashion Graph Attention Network for Compatibility-Oriented and Personalized Outfit Recommendationcited by 2
- 2026Node4All: Learning Node Representation Beyond Datasetscited by 2
- 2021GGT: Graph-Guided Testing for Adversarial Sample Detection of Deep Neural Networkcited by 1
50 most cited of 75 All 75 (JSON)
- 2026Context-Aware Interpretable Representations for Retrieval and Graph Convolutional Network Classification29 Aug 2026
- 2026Node4All: Learning Node Representation Beyond Datasets19 Jul 2026
- 2026Revisiting Positive Samples in Graph Contrastive Learning: From the Perspective of Message Passing9 Jun 2026
- 2026When Graph Tokens Sink: A Mechanistic Analysis of Graph Language Models2 Jun 2026
- 2026The Impact of Dimensionality on the Stability of Node Embeddings9 Apr 2026
- 2026Graph-Aware Stealthy Poison-Text Backdoors for Text-Attributed Graphs20 Mar 2026
- 2026Subspace Projection Methods for Fast Spectral Embeddings of Evolving Graphs19 Mar 2026
- 2026LEDA: Latent Semantic Distribution Alignment for Multi-domain Graph Pre-training26 Feb 2026
- 2025AL-GNN: Privacy-Preserving and Replay-Free Continual Graph Learning via Analytic Learning20 Dec 2025
- 2025Incorporating Spatial Information into Goal-Conditioned Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning via Graph Representations14 Nov 2025
- 2025Pruning and Quantization Impact on Graph Neural Networks24 Oct 2025
- 2025An Efficient Hybridization of Graph Representation Learning and Metaheuristics for the Constrained Incremental Graph Drawing Problem21 Aug 2025
38 more
- 2025Hybrid-Hierarchical Fashion Graph Attention Network for Compatibility-Oriented and Personalized Outfit Recommendation14 Aug 2025
- 2025Neighbor-Sampling Based Momentum Stochastic Methods for Training Graph Neural Networks1 Aug 2025
- 2025HGCN(O): A Self-Tuning GCN HyperModel Toolkit for Outcome Prediction in Event-Sequence Data30 Jul 2025
- 2025T-TExTS (Teaching Text Expansion for Teacher Scaffolding): Enhancing Text Selection in High School Literature through Knowledge Graph-Based Recommendation6 Jun 2025
- 2025Divergent Paths: Separating Homophilic and Heterophilic Learning for Enhanced Graph-level Representations6 Apr 2025
- 2025C-HDNet: Hyperdimensional Computing for Causal Effect Estimation from Observational Data Under Network Interference27 Jan 2025
- 2025MixGCN: Scalable GCN Training by Mixture of Parallelism and Mixture of Accelerators3 Jan 2025
- 2024Perturbation-based Graph Active Learning for Weakly-Supervised Belief Representation Learning24 Oct 2024
- 2024Unified Representation of Genomic and Biomedical Concepts through Multi-Task, Multi-Source Contrastive Learning14 Oct 2024
- 2024Network Topology Inference from Smooth Signals Under Partial Observability8 Oct 2024
- 2024PieClam: A Universal Graph Autoencoder Based on Overlapping Inclusive and Exclusive Communities18 Sep 2024
- 2024DIVE: Subgraph Disagreement for Graph Out-of-Distribution Generalization8 Aug 2024
- 2024Graph Transformers: A Survey13 Jul 2024
- 2024Graph Neural Backdoor: Fundamentals, Methodologies, Applications, and Future Directions15 Jun 2024
- 2024Explainable Graph Neural Networks Under Fire10 Jun 2024
- 2024E2GNN: Efficient Graph Neural Network Ensembles for Semi-Supervised Classification6 May 2024
- 2024A survey of dynamic graph neural networks28 Apr 2024
- 2024Understanding Optimal Feature Transfer via a Fine-Grained Bias-Variance Analysis18 Apr 2024
- 2024VeTraSS: Vehicle Trajectory Similarity Search Through Graph Modeling and Representation Learning11 Apr 2024
- 2024MPXGAT: An Attention based Deep Learning Model for Multiplex Graphs Embedding28 Mar 2024
- 2024Improving out-of-distribution generalization in graphs via hierarchical semantic environments4 Mar 2024
- 2024Link-aware link prediction over temporal graph by pattern recognition11 Feb 2024
- 2024A Community Detection and Graph Neural Network Based Link Prediction Approach for Scientific Literature4 Jan 2024
- 2023Graph Invariant Learning with Subgraph Co-mixup for Out-Of-Distribution Generalization18 Dec 2023
- 2023A Framework for Exploring Federated Community Detection14 Dec 2023
- 2023Graph Coordinates and Conventional Neural Networks -- An Alternative for Graph Neural Networks3 Dec 2023
- 2023Topology Only Pre-Training: Towards Generalised Multi-Domain Graph Models7 Nov 2023
- 2023An Edge-Aware Graph Autoencoder Trained on Scale-Imbalanced Data for Traveling Salesman Problems10 Oct 2023
- 2023Contrastive Learning for Non-Local Graphs with Multi-Resolution Structural Views19 Aug 2023
- 2023Independent Distribution Regularization for Private Graph Embedding16 Aug 2023
- 2023Search to Fine-tune Pre-trained Graph Neural Networks for Graph-level Tasks14 Aug 2023
- 2023Graph Anomaly Detection at Group Level: A Topology Pattern Enhanced Unsupervised Approach2 Aug 2023
- 2023Hyperbolic Graph Diffusion Model13 Jun 2023
- 2023Zoo Guide to Network Embedding5 May 2023
- 2023Connector 0.5: A unified framework for graph representation learning25 Apr 2023
- 2023H2TNE: Temporal Heterogeneous Information Network Embedding in Hyperbolic Spaces14 Apr 2023
- 2023A Comprehensive Survey on Deep Graph Representation Learning11 Apr 2023
- 2023A Survey on Malware Detection with Graph Representation Learning28 Mar 2023
50 newest of 75 All 75 (JSON)
- 2022A Survey of Machine Unlearningcited by 312
- 2026Graph-Aware Stealthy Poison-Text Backdoors for Text-Attributed Graphscited by 0
- 2026Graph-Aware Stealthy Poison-Text Backdoors for Text-Attributed Graphs20 Mar 2026
- 2022A Survey of Machine Unlearning6 Sep 2022
- 2021Graph Representation Learning in Biomedicinecited by 80
- 2023A Comprehensive Survey on Deep Graph Representation Learningcited by 72
- 2022A Survey on Graph Representation Learning Methodscited by 66
- 2022Transformers in Medical Image Analysis: A Reviewcited by 41
- 2024Graph Transformers: A Surveycited by 32
- 2022MGAE: Masked Autoencoders for Self-Supervised Learning on Graphscited by 28
- 2024A survey of dynamic graph neural networkscited by 24
- 2022Deep Generative Model for Periodic Graphscited by 20
- 2022Controllable Data Generation by Deep Learning: A Reviewcited by 20
- 2023Graph Invariant Learning with Subgraph Co-mixup for Out-Of-Distribution Generalizationcited by 18
- 2022How Expressive are Transformers in Spectral Domain for Graphs?cited by 15
- 2023Search to Fine-tune Pre-trained Graph Neural Networks for Graph-level Taskscited by 13
12 most cited of 70 All 70 (JSON)
- 2026Context-Aware Interpretable Representations for Retrieval and Graph Convolutional Network Classification29 Aug 2026
- 2026Node4All: Learning Node Representation Beyond Datasets19 Jul 2026
- 2026Revisiting Positive Samples in Graph Contrastive Learning: From the Perspective of Message Passing9 Jun 2026
- 2026When Graph Tokens Sink: A Mechanistic Analysis of Graph Language Models2 Jun 2026
- 2026The Impact of Dimensionality on the Stability of Node Embeddings9 Apr 2026
- 2026Subspace Projection Methods for Fast Spectral Embeddings of Evolving Graphs19 Mar 2026
- 2026LEDA: Latent Semantic Distribution Alignment for Multi-domain Graph Pre-training26 Feb 2026
- 2025AL-GNN: Privacy-Preserving and Replay-Free Continual Graph Learning via Analytic Learning20 Dec 2025
- 2025Pruning and Quantization Impact on Graph Neural Networks24 Oct 2025
- 2025An Efficient Hybridization of Graph Representation Learning and Metaheuristics for the Constrained Incremental Graph Drawing Problem21 Aug 2025
- 2025Hybrid-Hierarchical Fashion Graph Attention Network for Compatibility-Oriented and Personalized Outfit Recommendation14 Aug 2025
- 2025Neighbor-Sampling Based Momentum Stochastic Methods for Training Graph Neural Networks1 Aug 2025
12 newest of 70 All 70 (JSON)