mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Learning to Retain while Acquiring: Combating Distribution-Shift in Adversarial Data-Free Knowledge Distillation

arXiv 2302.14290 ↗First posted 28 Feb 2023cs.LG cs.CVcited by 29

On the map: Knowledge distillation → General knowledge distillation methods

Abstract (arXiv)

Data-free Knowledge Distillation (DFKD) has gained popularity recently, with the fundamental idea of carrying out knowledge transfer from a Teacher neural network to a Student neural network in the absence of training data. However, in the Adversarial DFKD framework, the student network's accuracy, suffers due to the non-stationary distribution of the pseudo-samples under multiple generator updates. To this end, at every generator update, we aim to maintain the student's performance on previously encountered examples while acquiring knowledge from samples of the current distribution. Thus, we propose a meta-learning inspired framework by treating the task of Knowledge-Acquisition (learning from newly generated samples) and Knowledge-Retention (retaining knowledge on previously met samples) as meta-train and meta-test, respectively. Hence, we dub our method as Learning to Retain while Acquiring. Moreover, we identify an implicit aligning factor between the Knowledge-Retention and Knowledge-Acquisition tasks indicating that the proposed student update strategy enforces a common gradient direction for both tasks, alleviating interference between the two objectives. Finally, we support our hypothesis by exhibiting extensive evaluation and comparison of our method with prior arts on multiple datasets.

Key facts. Cited by 29 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in General knowledge distillation methods, one of 12 directions in Knowledge distillation. Builds on 33 of its 43 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 28 Feb 2023.

Builds on

33 of 43 references.

Closest ancestors · 6

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2022Momentum Adversarial Distillation: Handling Large Distribution Shifts in Data-Free Knowledge Distillation21 Sep
  2. 2022Robust and Resource-Efficient Data-Free Knowledge Distillation by Generative Pseudo Replay9 Jan
  3. 2021Preventing Catastrophic Forgetting and Distribution Mismatch in Knowledge Distillation via Synthetic Data11 Aug
  4. 2021Contrastive Model Inversion for Data-Free Knowledge Distillation18 May
  5. 2021Undistillable: Making A Nasty Teacher That CANNOT teach students16 May
  6. 2021Dual Discriminator Adversarial Distillation for Data-free Model Compression12 Apr

Other references · 27

  1. 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 52,096
  2. 2017Model-Agnostic Meta-Learning for Fast Adaptation of Deep Networkscited by 4,897
  3. 2016Wide Residual Networkscited by 3,070
  4. 2017Gradient Episodic Memory for Continual Learningcited by 1,898
  5. 2017Continual Learning with Deep Generative Replaycited by 1,158
  6. 2016Paying More Attention to Attention: Improving the Performance of Convolutional Neural Networks via Attention Transfercited by 1,077
  7. 2018On First-Order Meta-Learning Algorithmscited by 1,018
  8. 2019An Introduction to Variational Autoencoderscited by 1,000
  9. 2019Dreaming to Distill: Data-free Knowledge Transfer via DeepInversioncited by 423
  10. 2018Bilevel Programming for Hyperparameter Optimization and Meta-Learningcited by 405
  11. 2021Gradient Matching for Domain Generalizationcited by 258
  12. 2019Data-Free Learning of Student Networkscited by 204
15 more
  1. 2019Meta-Learning Representations for Continual Learningcited by 189
  2. 2017A Review on Bilevel Optimization: From Classical to Evolutionary Approaches and Applicationscited by 129
  3. 2019Zero-shot Knowledge Transfer via Adversarial Belief Matchingcited by 129
  4. 2020Data-Free Model Extractioncited by 124
  5. 2019Zero-Shot Knowledge Distillation in Deep Networkscited by 121
  6. 2019Data-Free Adversarial Distillationcited by 90
  7. 2020Data-Free Network Quantization With Adversarial Knowledge Distillationcited by 80
  8. 2017Continual Learning in Generative Adversarial Netscited by 51
  9. 2021Zero-shot Adversarial Quantizationcited by 44
  10. 2021Reproducibility Report: La-MAML: Look-ahead Meta Learning for Continual Learningcited by 42
  11. 2021Implicit Gradient Alignment in Distributed and Federated Learningcited by 29
  12. 2019DeGAN : Data-Enriching GAN for Retrieving Representative Samples from a Trained Classifiercited by 21
  13. 2020Effectiveness of Arbitrary Transfer Sets for Data-free Knowledge Distillationcited by 18
  14. 2021Safe Distillation Boxcited by 9
  15. 2022Distilling the Undistillable: Learning from a Nasty Teachercited by 4

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 5; 2024: 12; 2025: 8; 2026: 4.

29 papers.

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  1. 2023A Comprehensive Survey of Forgetting in Deep Learning Beyond Continual Learningcited by 69
  2. 2024Tuning Timestep-Distilled Diffusion Model Using Pairwise Sample Optimizationcited by 26
  3. 2023DFRD: Data-Free Robustness Distillation for Heterogeneous Federated Learningcited by 24
  4. 2023NAYER: Noisy Layer Data Generation for Efficient and Effective Data-free Knowledge Distillationcited by 22
  5. 2024Small Scale Data-Free Knowledge Distillationcited by 20
  6. 2025Learning to Unlearn while Retaining: Combating Gradient Conflicts in Machine Unlearningcited by 19
  7. 2024Towards Effective Data-Free Knowledge Distillation via Diverse Diffusion Augmentationcited by 13
  8. 2024De-confounded Data-free Knowledge Distillation for Handling Distribution Shiftscited by 11
  9. 2024What Makes a Good Dataset for Knowledge Distillation?cited by 9
  10. 2023Sampling to Distill: Knowledge Transfer from Open-World Datacited by 8
  11. 2024Can Students Beyond The Teacher? Distilling Knowledge from Teacher's Biascited by 7
  12. 2024Adversarial Training: A Surveycited by 6
17 more
  1. 2024Teacher as a Lenient Expert: Teacher-Agnostic Data-Free Knowledge Distillationcited by 5
  2. 2024AuG-KD: Anchor-Based Mixup Generation for Out-of-Domain Knowledge Distillationcited by 5
  3. 2025When Data-Free Knowledge Distillation Meets Non-Transferable Teacher: Escaping Out-of-Distribution Trap is All You Needcited by 5
  4. 2023Task-Distributionally Robust Data-Free Meta-Learningcited by 4
  5. 2024Large-Scale Data-Free Knowledge Distillation for ImageNet via Multi-Resolution Data Generationcited by 4
  6. 2025Sparse Model Inversion: Efficient Inversion of Vision Transformers for Data-Free Applicationscited by 4
  7. 2024Robust Knowledge Distillation Based on Feature Variance Against Backdoored Teacher Modelcited by 2
  8. 2025Coeff-Tuning: A Graph Filter Subspace View for Tuning Attention-Based Large Modelscited by 2
  9. 2025CAE-DFKD: Bridging the Transferability Gap in Data-Free Knowledge Distillationcited by 2
  10. 2024Optimizing Vision Transformers with Data-Free Knowledge Transfercited by 1
  11. 2025Simple yet Effective Semi-supervised Knowledge Distillation from Vision-Language Models via Dual-Head Optimizationcited by 1
  12. 2025InvCoSS: Inversion-driven Continual Self-supervised Learning in Medical Multi-modal Image Pre-trainingcited by 1
  13. 2025Adversarial Curriculum Graph-Free Knowledge Distillation for Graph Neural Networkscited by 0
  14. 2026Provable Sparse Inversion and Token Relabel Enhanced One-shot Federated Learning with ViTscited by 0
  15. 2026Labeled-Data-Free Meta-Learning: Efficient Task Generation Using Pre-trained Models and Unlabeled Datacited by 0
  16. 2026Close Shortcut Wins Long: Seeking Diverse and Stable Generators for Data-Free Knowledge Distillationcited by 0
  17. 2026IDeaL: Data-Free Multi-Teacher Distillation via Improved Dead Leavescited by 0

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2024Hybrid Data-Free Knowledge Distillation
  2. 2022On the benefits of knowledge distillation for adversarial robustness
  3. 2021Improved Knowledge Distillation via Adversarial Collaboration
  4. 2023Distribution Shift Matters for Knowledge Distillation with Webly Collected Images
  5. 2022What Knowledge Gets Distilled in Knowledge Distillation?
  6. 2021Enhancing Data-Free Adversarial Distillation with Activation Regularization and Virtual Interpolation
  7. 2026Continual Distillation of Teachers from Different Domains
  8. 2021How and When Adversarial Robustness Transfers in Knowledge Distillation?