Learning Representations for Soft Skill Matching
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Abstract (arXiv)
Employers actively look for talents having not only specific hard skills but also various soft skills. To analyze the soft skill demands on the job market, it is important to be able to detect soft skill phrases from job advertisements automatically. However, a naive matching of soft skill phrases can lead to false positive matches when a soft skill phrase, such as friendly, is used to describe a company, a team, or another entity, rather than a desired candidate. In this paper, we propose a phrase-matching-based approach which differentiates between soft skill phrases referring to a candidate vs. something else. The disambiguation is formulated as a binary text classification problem where the prediction is made for the potential soft skill based on the context where it occurs. To inform the model about the soft skill for which the prediction is made, we develop several approaches, including soft skill masking and soft skill tagging. We compare several neural network based approaches, including CNN, LSTM and Hierarchical Attention Model. The proposed tagging-based input representation using LSTM achieved the highest recall of 83.92% on the job dataset when fixing a precision to 95%.
Key facts. Cited by 19 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 20 Jul 2018.
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 5; 2023: 3; 2024: 6; 2025: 4; 2026: 1.
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- 2022SkillSpan: Hard and Soft Skill Extraction from English Job Postingscited by 41
- 2022Design of Negative Sampling Strategies for Distantly Supervised Skill Extractioncited by 16
- 2023ESCOXLM-R: Multilingual Taxonomy-driven Pre-training for the Job Market Domaincited by 14
- 2023Large Language Models as Batteries-Included Zero-Shot ESCO Skills Matcherscited by 14
- 2022Kompetencer: Fine-grained Skill Classification in Danish Job Postings via Distant Supervision and Transfer Learningcited by 13
- 2022Skill Extraction from Job Postings using Weak Supervisioncited by 13
- 2024Deep Learning-based Computational Job Market Analysis: A Survey on Skill Extraction and Classification from Job Postingscited by 12
- 2023SkillGPT: a RESTful API service for skill extraction and standardization using a Large Language Modelcited by 11
- 2024Rethinking Skill Extraction in the Job Market Domain using Large Language Modelscited by 10
- 2024Natural Language Processing for Human Resources: A Surveycited by 9
- 2022"FIJO": a French Insurance Soft Skill Detection Datasetcited by 8
- 2024NNOSE: Nearest Neighbor Occupational Skill Extractioncited by 5
7 more
- 2025Efficient Text Encoders for Labor Market Analysiscited by 5
- 2024Hierarchical Classification of Transversal Skills in Job Ads Based on Sentence Embeddingscited by 1
- 2024Joint Extraction and Classification of Danish Competences for Job Matchingcited by 1
- 2025Unified Work Embeddings: Contrastive Learning of a Bidirectional Multi-task Rankercited by 1
- 2025Tec-Habilidad: Skill Classification for Bridging Education and Employmentcited by 0
- 2025NLPnorth @ TalentCLEF 2025: Comparing Discriminative, Contrastive, and Prompt-Based Methods for Job Title and Skill Matchingcited by 0
- 2026Leveraging LLMs For Turkish Skill Extractioncited by 0
- 2026Leveraging LLMs For Turkish Skill Extraction30 Jan 2026
- 2025Unified Work Embeddings: Contrastive Learning of a Bidirectional Multi-task Ranker11 Nov 2025
- 2025NLPnorth @ TalentCLEF 2025: Comparing Discriminative, Contrastive, and Prompt-Based Methods for Job Title and Skill Matching23 Jun 2025
- 2025Efficient Text Encoders for Labor Market Analysis30 May 2025
- 2025Tec-Habilidad: Skill Classification for Bridging Education and Employment5 Mar 2025
- 2024Joint Extraction and Classification of Danish Competences for Job Matching29 Oct 2024
- 2024Natural Language Processing for Human Resources: A Survey21 Oct 2024
- 2024Deep Learning-based Computational Job Market Analysis: A Survey on Skill Extraction and Classification from Job Postings8 Feb 2024
- 2024Rethinking Skill Extraction in the Job Market Domain using Large Language Models6 Feb 2024
- 2024NNOSE: Nearest Neighbor Occupational Skill Extraction30 Jan 2024
- 2024Hierarchical Classification of Transversal Skills in Job Ads Based on Sentence Embeddings10 Jan 2024
- 2023Large Language Models as Batteries-Included Zero-Shot ESCO Skills Matchers7 Jul 2023
7 more
- 2023ESCOXLM-R: Multilingual Taxonomy-driven Pre-training for the Job Market Domain20 May 2023
- 2023SkillGPT: a RESTful API service for skill extraction and standardization using a Large Language Model17 Apr 2023
- 2022Skill Extraction from Job Postings using Weak Supervision16 Sep 2022
- 2022Design of Negative Sampling Strategies for Distantly Supervised Skill Extraction13 Sep 2022
- 2022Kompetencer: Fine-grained Skill Classification in Danish Job Postings via Distant Supervision and Transfer Learning3 May 2022
- 2022SkillSpan: Hard and Soft Skill Extraction from English Job Postings27 Apr 2022
- 2022"FIJO": a French Insurance Soft Skill Detection Dataset11 Apr 2022
- 2022SkillSpan: Hard and Soft Skill Extraction from English Job Postingscited by 41
- 2022Design of Negative Sampling Strategies for Distantly Supervised Skill Extractioncited by 16
- 2023ESCOXLM-R: Multilingual Taxonomy-driven Pre-training for the Job Market Domaincited by 14
- 2023Large Language Models as Batteries-Included Zero-Shot ESCO Skills Matcherscited by 14
- 2022Kompetencer: Fine-grained Skill Classification in Danish Job Postings via Distant Supervision and Transfer Learningcited by 13
- 2022Skill Extraction from Job Postings using Weak Supervisioncited by 13
- 2024Deep Learning-based Computational Job Market Analysis: A Survey on Skill Extraction and Classification from Job Postingscited by 12
- 2023SkillGPT: a RESTful API service for skill extraction and standardization using a Large Language Modelcited by 11
- 2024Natural Language Processing for Human Resources: A Surveycited by 9
- 2022"FIJO": a French Insurance Soft Skill Detection Datasetcited by 8
- 2024NNOSE: Nearest Neighbor Occupational Skill Extractioncited by 5
- 2025Efficient Text Encoders for Labor Market Analysiscited by 5
12 most cited of 18 All 18 (JSON)
- 2026Leveraging LLMs For Turkish Skill Extraction30 Jan 2026
- 2025Unified Work Embeddings: Contrastive Learning of a Bidirectional Multi-task Ranker11 Nov 2025
- 2025NLPnorth @ TalentCLEF 2025: Comparing Discriminative, Contrastive, and Prompt-Based Methods for Job Title and Skill Matching23 Jun 2025
- 2025Efficient Text Encoders for Labor Market Analysis30 May 2025
- 2025Tec-Habilidad: Skill Classification for Bridging Education and Employment5 Mar 2025
- 2024Joint Extraction and Classification of Danish Competences for Job Matching29 Oct 2024
- 2024Natural Language Processing for Human Resources: A Survey21 Oct 2024
- 2024Deep Learning-based Computational Job Market Analysis: A Survey on Skill Extraction and Classification from Job Postings8 Feb 2024
- 2024NNOSE: Nearest Neighbor Occupational Skill Extraction30 Jan 2024
- 2024Hierarchical Classification of Transversal Skills in Job Ads Based on Sentence Embeddings10 Jan 2024
- 2023Large Language Models as Batteries-Included Zero-Shot ESCO Skills Matchers7 Jul 2023
- 2023ESCOXLM-R: Multilingual Taxonomy-driven Pre-training for the Job Market Domain20 May 2023
12 newest of 18 All 18 (JSON)