Kompetencer: Fine-grained Skill Classification in Danish Job Postings via Distant Supervision and Transfer Learning
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Abstract (arXiv)
Skill Classification (SC) is the task of classifying job competences from job postings. This work is the first in SC applied to Danish job vacancy data. We release the first Danish job posting dataset: Kompetencer (en: competences), annotated for nested spans of competences. To improve upon coarse-grained annotations, we make use of The European Skills, Competences, Qualifications and Occupations (ESCO; le Vrang et al., 2014) taxonomy API to obtain fine-grained labels via distant supervision. We study two setups: The zero-shot and few-shot classification setting. We fine-tune English-based models and RemBERT (Chung et al., 2020) and compare them to in-language Danish models. Our results show RemBERT significantly outperforms all other models in both the zero-shot and the few-shot setting.
Key facts. Cited by 13 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 11 of its 40 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 3 May 2022.
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References · 11
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- 2020Massive Choice, Ample Tasks (MaChAmp): A Toolkit for Multi-task Learning in NLPcited by 50
- 2022SkillSpan: Hard and Soft Skill Extraction from English Job Postingscited by 41
- 2020A Call for More Rigor in Unsupervised Cross-lingual Learningcited by 37
- 2018Learning Representations for Soft Skill Matchingcited by 19
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 2; 2023: 4; 2024: 2; 2025: 2; 2026: 3.
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- 2022Design of Negative Sampling Strategies for Distantly Supervised Skill Extractioncited by 16
- 2023ESCOXLM-R: Multilingual Taxonomy-driven Pre-training for the Job Market Domaincited by 14
- 2023Large Language Models as Batteries-Included Zero-Shot ESCO Skills Matcherscited by 14
- 2022Skill Extraction from Job Postings using Weak Supervisioncited by 13
- 2023SkillGPT: a RESTful API service for skill extraction and standardization using a Large Language Modelcited by 11
- 2023LLM4Jobs: Unsupervised occupation extraction and standardization leveraging Large Language Modelscited by 6
- 2024MELO: An Evaluation Benchmark for Multilingual Entity Linking of Occupationscited by 6
- 2025Prompt Engineer: Analyzing Hard and Soft Skill Requirements in the AI Job Marketcited by 3
- 2024Joint Extraction and Classification of Danish Competences for Job Matchingcited by 1
- 2025NLPnorth @ TalentCLEF 2025: Comparing Discriminative, Contrastive, and Prompt-Based Methods for Job Title and Skill Matchingcited by 0
- 2026Leveraging LLMs For Turkish Skill Extractioncited by 0
- 2026Chinese-SkillSpan: A Span-Level Dataset for ESCO-Aligned Competency Extraction from Chinese Job Adscited by 0
- 2026Unified Semantic Modeling Framework for Large-Scale Job Understanding at LinkedIn22 Jun 2026
- 2026Chinese-SkillSpan: A Span-Level Dataset for ESCO-Aligned Competency Extraction from Chinese Job Ads24 Apr 2026
- 2026Leveraging LLMs For Turkish Skill Extraction30 Jan 2026
- 2025NLPnorth @ TalentCLEF 2025: Comparing Discriminative, Contrastive, and Prompt-Based Methods for Job Title and Skill Matching23 Jun 2025
- 2025Prompt Engineer: Analyzing Hard and Soft Skill Requirements in the AI Job Market29 May 2025
- 2024Joint Extraction and Classification of Danish Competences for Job Matching29 Oct 2024
- 2024MELO: An Evaluation Benchmark for Multilingual Entity Linking of Occupations10 Oct 2024
- 2023LLM4Jobs: Unsupervised occupation extraction and standardization leveraging Large Language Models18 Sep 2023
- 2023Large Language Models as Batteries-Included Zero-Shot ESCO Skills Matchers7 Jul 2023
- 2023ESCOXLM-R: Multilingual Taxonomy-driven Pre-training for the Job Market Domain20 May 2023
- 2023SkillGPT: a RESTful API service for skill extraction and standardization using a Large Language Model17 Apr 2023
- 2022Skill Extraction from Job Postings using Weak Supervision16 Sep 2022
1 more
- 2022Design of Negative Sampling Strategies for Distantly Supervised Skill Extractioncited by 16
- 2023ESCOXLM-R: Multilingual Taxonomy-driven Pre-training for the Job Market Domaincited by 14
- 2023Large Language Models as Batteries-Included Zero-Shot ESCO Skills Matcherscited by 14
- 2022Skill Extraction from Job Postings using Weak Supervisioncited by 13
- 2023SkillGPT: a RESTful API service for skill extraction and standardization using a Large Language Modelcited by 11
- 2023LLM4Jobs: Unsupervised occupation extraction and standardization leveraging Large Language Modelscited by 6
- 2024MELO: An Evaluation Benchmark for Multilingual Entity Linking of Occupationscited by 6
- 2025Prompt Engineer: Analyzing Hard and Soft Skill Requirements in the AI Job Marketcited by 3
- 2024Joint Extraction and Classification of Danish Competences for Job Matchingcited by 1
- 2025NLPnorth @ TalentCLEF 2025: Comparing Discriminative, Contrastive, and Prompt-Based Methods for Job Title and Skill Matchingcited by 0
- 2026Leveraging LLMs For Turkish Skill Extractioncited by 0
- 2026Chinese-SkillSpan: A Span-Level Dataset for ESCO-Aligned Competency Extraction from Chinese Job Adscited by 0
12 most cited of 13 All 13 (JSON)
- 2026Unified Semantic Modeling Framework for Large-Scale Job Understanding at LinkedIn22 Jun 2026
- 2026Chinese-SkillSpan: A Span-Level Dataset for ESCO-Aligned Competency Extraction from Chinese Job Ads24 Apr 2026
- 2026Leveraging LLMs For Turkish Skill Extraction30 Jan 2026
- 2025NLPnorth @ TalentCLEF 2025: Comparing Discriminative, Contrastive, and Prompt-Based Methods for Job Title and Skill Matching23 Jun 2025
- 2025Prompt Engineer: Analyzing Hard and Soft Skill Requirements in the AI Job Market29 May 2025
- 2024Joint Extraction and Classification of Danish Competences for Job Matching29 Oct 2024
- 2024MELO: An Evaluation Benchmark for Multilingual Entity Linking of Occupations10 Oct 2024
- 2023LLM4Jobs: Unsupervised occupation extraction and standardization leveraging Large Language Models18 Sep 2023
- 2023Large Language Models as Batteries-Included Zero-Shot ESCO Skills Matchers7 Jul 2023
- 2023ESCOXLM-R: Multilingual Taxonomy-driven Pre-training for the Job Market Domain20 May 2023
- 2023SkillGPT: a RESTful API service for skill extraction and standardization using a Large Language Model17 Apr 2023
- 2022Skill Extraction from Job Postings using Weak Supervision16 Sep 2022
12 newest of 13 All 13 (JSON)