mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Automated essay scoring with string kernels and word embeddings

arXiv 1804.07954 ↗First posted 21 Apr 2018cs.CLcited by 31

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Abstract (arXiv)

In this work, we present an approach based on combining string kernels and word embeddings for automatic essay scoring. String kernels capture the similarity among strings based on counting common character n-grams, which are a low-level yet powerful type of feature, demonstrating state-of-the-art results in various text classification tasks such as Arabic dialect identification or native language identification. To our best knowledge, we are the first to apply string kernels to automatically score essays. We are also the first to combine them with a high-level semantic feature representation, namely the bag-of-super-word-embeddings. We report the best performance on the Automated Student Assessment Prize data set, in both in-domain and cross-domain settings, surpassing recent state-of-the-art deep learning approaches.

Key facts. Cited by 31 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 21 Apr 2018.

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 7; 2022: 1; 2023: 3; 2024: 7; 2025: 6; 2026: 7.

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  1. 2023Applying Large Language Models and Chain-of-Thought for Automatic Scoringcited by 68
  2. 2024Exploring LLM Prompting Strategies for Joint Essay Scoring and Feedback Generationcited by 63
  3. 2022On the Use of BERT for Automated Essay Scoring: Joint Learning of Multi-Scale Essay Representationcited by 46
  4. 2024Unleashing Large Language Models' Proficiency in Zero-shot Essay Scoringcited by 33
  5. 2021Many Hands Make Light Work: Using Essay Traits to Automatically Score Essayscited by 25
  6. 2024Rationale Behind Essay Scores: Enhancing S-LLM's Multi-Trait Essay Scoring with Rationale Generated by LLMscited by 22
  7. 2023When Automated Assessment Meets Automated Content Generation: Examining Text Quality in the Era of GPTscited by 13
  8. 2024Autoregressive Multi-trait Essay Scoring via Reinforcement Learning with Scoring-aware Multiple Rewardscited by 11
  9. 2021Clustering Word Embeddings with Self-Organizing Maps. Application on LaRoSeDa -- A Large Romanian Sentiment Data Setcited by 8
  10. 2021FreSaDa: A French Satire Data Set for Cross-Domain Satire Detectioncited by 8
  11. 2024Unveiling the Tapestry of Automated Essay Scoring: A Comprehensive Investigation of Accuracy, Fairness, and Generalizabilitycited by 8
  12. 2024Autoregressive Score Generation for Multi-trait Essay Scoringcited by 8
19 more
  1. 2024DREsS: Dataset for Rubric-based Essay Scoring on EFL Writingcited by 7
  2. 2025EssayJudge: A Multi-Granular Benchmark for Assessing Automated Essay Scoring Capabilities of Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 7
  3. 2025CAFES: A Collaborative Multi-Agent Framework for Multi-Granular Multimodal Essay Scoringcited by 7
  4. 2025Teach-to-Reason with Scoring: Self-Explainable Rationale-Driven Multi-Trait Essay Scoringcited by 6
  5. 2021Unsupervised Document Embedding via Contrastive Augmentationcited by 5
  6. 2023H-AES: Towards Automated Essay Scoring for Hindicited by 3
  7. 2025Text Classification Under Class Distribution Shift: A Surveycited by 2
  8. 2025An overview of artificial intelligence in computer-assisted language learningcited by 2
  9. 2026Has Automated Essay Scoring Reached Sufficient Accuracy? Deriving Achievable QWK Ceilings from Classical Test Theorycited by 2
  10. 2026PsyScore: A Psychometrically-Aware Framework for Trait-Adaptive Essay Scoring and ZPD-Scaffolded Feedbackcited by 2
  11. 2021UnibucKernel: Geolocating Swiss German Jodels Using Ensemble Learningcited by 1
  12. 2021Cognitively Aided Zero-Shot Automatic Essay Gradingcited by 1
  13. 2021Toward Educator-focused Automated Scoring Systems for Reading and Writingcited by 1
  14. 2026Enhancing Automated Essay Scoring With Three Techniques: Two-Stage Fine-Tuning, Score Alignment, and Self-Trainingcited by 1
  15. 2026Trait-Aware Policy Optimization for Autoregressive Multi-Trait Essay Scoringcited by 1
  16. 2025Composable Cross-prompt Essay Scoring by Merging Modelscited by 0
  17. 2026Decision-Level Ordinal Modeling for Multimodal Essay Scoring with Large Language Modelscited by 0
  18. 2026A Unified Framework to Elicit Structured Feedback for Interpretable Multi-Trait Essay Scoringcited by 0
  19. 2026Vision-Language Models for Criterion-Level Grading of Handwritten Examinations in Outcome-Based Educationcited by 0