Search-based optimal motion planning for automated driving
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Abstract (arXiv)
This paper presents a framework for fast and robust motion planning designed to facilitate automated driving. The framework allows for real-time computation even for horizons of several hundred meters and thus enabling automated driving in urban conditions. This is achieved through several features. Firstly, a convenient geometrical representation of both the search space and driving constraints enables the use of classical path planning approach. Thus, a wide variety of constraints can be tackled simultaneously (other vehicles, traffic lights, etc.). Secondly, an exact cost-to-go map, obtained by solving a relaxed problem, is then used by A*-based algorithm with model predictive flavour in order to compute the optimal motion trajectory. The algorithm takes into account both distance and time horizons. The approach is validated within a simulation study with realistic traffic scenarios. We demonstrate the capability of the algorithm to devise plans both in fast and slow driving conditions, even when full stop is required.
Key facts. Cited by 24 papers in the map (data through 13 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 13 Mar 2018.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 4; 2022: 4; 2023: 6; 2024: 5; 2025: 5.
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- 2021End-to-end Interpretable Neural Motion Plannercited by 240
- 2021MP3: A Unified Model to Map, Perceive, Predict and Plancited by 212
- 2024Towards learning-based planning:The nuPlan benchmark for real-world autonomous drivingcited by 104
- 2021LookOut: Diverse Multi-Future Prediction and Planning for Self-Drivingcited by 96
- 2021SafetyNet: Safe planning for real-world self-driving vehicles using machine-learned policiescited by 69
- 2025A Survey of World Models for Autonomous Drivingcited by 60
- 2023The Integration of Prediction and Planning in Deep Learning Automated Driving Systems: A Reviewcited by 29
- 2022Real-Time Trajectory Planning for Autonomous Driving with Gaussian Process and Incremental Refinementcited by 14
- 2024Planning with Adaptive World Models for Autonomous Drivingcited by 11
- 2023Transcendental Idealism of Planner: Evaluating Perception from Planning Perspective for Autonomous Drivingcited by 9
- 2022Autonomous Vehicle Parking in Dynamic Environments: An Integrated System with Prediction and Motion Planningcited by 4
- 2023Search-Based Task and Motion Planning for Hybrid Systems: Agile Autonomous Vehiclescited by 3
12 more
- 2024PP-TIL: Personalized Planning for Autonomous Driving with Instance-based Transfer Imitation Learningcited by 3
- 2025HYPE: Hybrid Planning with Ego Proposal-Conditioned Predictionscited by 3
- 2022Vehicle Type Specific Waypoint Generationcited by 2
- 2023A Multi-Heuristic Search-based Motion Planning for Automated Parkingcited by 2
- 2023URA*: Uncertainty-aware Path Planning using Image-based Aerial-to-Ground Traversability Estimation for Off-road Environmentscited by 2
- 2024Integrated Decision Making and Trajectory Planning for Autonomous Driving Under Multimodal Uncertainties: A Bayesian Game Approachcited by 2
- 2022Vision for Bosnia and Herzegovina in Artificial Intelligence Age: Global Trends, Potential Opportunities, Selected Use-cases and Realistic Goalscited by 1
- 2023Perception Imitation: Towards Synthesis-free Simulator for Autonomous Vehiclescited by 1
- 2024Synergizing Decision Making and Trajectory Planning Using Two-Stage Optimization for Autonomous Vehiclescited by 1
- 2025Scenario-Based Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning for Automated Driving Decision Makingcited by 1
- 2025A Real-time Spatio-Temporal Trajectory Planner for Autonomous Vehicles with Semantic Graph Optimizationcited by 0
- 2025Mode Collapse Happens: Evaluating Critical Interactions in Joint Trajectory Prediction Modelscited by 0
- 2025HYPE: Hybrid Planning with Ego Proposal-Conditioned Predictions14 Oct 2025
- 2025Mode Collapse Happens: Evaluating Critical Interactions in Joint Trajectory Prediction Models29 Jun 2025
- 2025Scenario-Based Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning for Automated Driving Decision Making28 Jun 2025
- 2025A Real-time Spatio-Temporal Trajectory Planner for Autonomous Vehicles with Semantic Graph Optimization25 Feb 2025
- 2025A Survey of World Models for Autonomous Driving20 Jan 2025
- 2024Synergizing Decision Making and Trajectory Planning Using Two-Stage Optimization for Autonomous Vehicles28 Nov 2024
- 2024Integrated Decision Making and Trajectory Planning for Autonomous Driving Under Multimodal Uncertainties: A Bayesian Game Approach21 Sep 2024
- 2024PP-TIL: Personalized Planning for Autonomous Driving with Instance-based Transfer Imitation Learning26 Jul 2024
- 2024Planning with Adaptive World Models for Autonomous Driving15 Jun 2024
- 2024Towards learning-based planning:The nuPlan benchmark for real-world autonomous driving7 Mar 2024
- 2023URA*: Uncertainty-aware Path Planning using Image-based Aerial-to-Ground Traversability Estimation for Off-road Environments15 Sep 2023
- 2023The Integration of Prediction and Planning in Deep Learning Automated Driving Systems: A Review10 Aug 2023
12 more
- 2023A Multi-Heuristic Search-based Motion Planning for Automated Parking15 Jul 2023
- 2023Transcendental Idealism of Planner: Evaluating Perception from Planning Perspective for Autonomous Driving12 Jun 2023
- 2023Perception Imitation: Towards Synthesis-free Simulator for Autonomous Vehicles19 Apr 2023
- 2023Search-Based Task and Motion Planning for Hybrid Systems: Agile Autonomous Vehicles25 Jan 2023
- 2022Vision for Bosnia and Herzegovina in Artificial Intelligence Age: Global Trends, Potential Opportunities, Selected Use-cases and Realistic Goals8 Sep 2022
- 2022Vehicle Type Specific Waypoint Generation9 Aug 2022
- 2022Real-Time Trajectory Planning for Autonomous Driving with Gaussian Process and Incremental Refinement24 May 2022
- 2022Autonomous Vehicle Parking in Dynamic Environments: An Integrated System with Prediction and Motion Planning21 Apr 2022
- 2021SafetyNet: Safe planning for real-world self-driving vehicles using machine-learned policies28 Sep 2021
- 2021MP3: A Unified Model to Map, Perceive, Predict and Plan18 Jan 2021
- 2021End-to-end Interpretable Neural Motion Planner17 Jan 2021
- 2021LookOut: Diverse Multi-Future Prediction and Planning for Self-Driving16 Jan 2021
- 2021End-to-end Interpretable Neural Motion Plannercited by 240
- 2024Towards learning-based planning:The nuPlan benchmark for real-world autonomous drivingcited by 104
- 2021LookOut: Diverse Multi-Future Prediction and Planning for Self-Drivingcited by 96
- 2021SafetyNet: Safe planning for real-world self-driving vehicles using machine-learned policiescited by 69
- 2022Real-Time Trajectory Planning for Autonomous Driving with Gaussian Process and Incremental Refinementcited by 14
- 2023Transcendental Idealism of Planner: Evaluating Perception from Planning Perspective for Autonomous Drivingcited by 9
- 2022Autonomous Vehicle Parking in Dynamic Environments: An Integrated System with Prediction and Motion Planningcited by 4
- 2024PP-TIL: Personalized Planning for Autonomous Driving with Instance-based Transfer Imitation Learningcited by 3
- 2024Integrated Decision Making and Trajectory Planning for Autonomous Driving Under Multimodal Uncertainties: A Bayesian Game Approachcited by 2
- 2024Synergizing Decision Making and Trajectory Planning Using Two-Stage Optimization for Autonomous Vehiclescited by 1
- 2025Scenario-Based Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning for Automated Driving Decision Makingcited by 1
- 2025Scenario-Based Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning for Automated Driving Decision Making28 Jun 2025
- 2024Synergizing Decision Making and Trajectory Planning Using Two-Stage Optimization for Autonomous Vehicles28 Nov 2024
- 2024Integrated Decision Making and Trajectory Planning for Autonomous Driving Under Multimodal Uncertainties: A Bayesian Game Approach21 Sep 2024
- 2024PP-TIL: Personalized Planning for Autonomous Driving with Instance-based Transfer Imitation Learning26 Jul 2024
- 2024Towards learning-based planning:The nuPlan benchmark for real-world autonomous driving7 Mar 2024
- 2023Transcendental Idealism of Planner: Evaluating Perception from Planning Perspective for Autonomous Driving12 Jun 2023
- 2022Real-Time Trajectory Planning for Autonomous Driving with Gaussian Process and Incremental Refinement24 May 2022
- 2022Autonomous Vehicle Parking in Dynamic Environments: An Integrated System with Prediction and Motion Planning21 Apr 2022
- 2021SafetyNet: Safe planning for real-world self-driving vehicles using machine-learned policies28 Sep 2021
- 2021End-to-end Interpretable Neural Motion Planner17 Jan 2021
- 2021LookOut: Diverse Multi-Future Prediction and Planning for Self-Driving16 Jan 2021
- 2025A Survey of World Models for Autonomous Drivingcited by 60
- 2024Planning with Adaptive World Models for Autonomous Drivingcited by 11
- 2025A Survey of World Models for Autonomous Driving20 Jan 2025
- 2024Planning with Adaptive World Models for Autonomous Driving15 Jun 2024
- 2021MP3: A Unified Model to Map, Perceive, Predict and Plancited by 212
- 2023The Integration of Prediction and Planning in Deep Learning Automated Driving Systems: A Reviewcited by 29
- 2023Search-Based Task and Motion Planning for Hybrid Systems: Agile Autonomous Vehiclescited by 3
- 2025HYPE: Hybrid Planning with Ego Proposal-Conditioned Predictionscited by 3
- 2022Vehicle Type Specific Waypoint Generationcited by 2
- 2023A Multi-Heuristic Search-based Motion Planning for Automated Parkingcited by 2
- 2023URA*: Uncertainty-aware Path Planning using Image-based Aerial-to-Ground Traversability Estimation for Off-road Environmentscited by 2
- 2022Vision for Bosnia and Herzegovina in Artificial Intelligence Age: Global Trends, Potential Opportunities, Selected Use-cases and Realistic Goalscited by 1
- 2023Perception Imitation: Towards Synthesis-free Simulator for Autonomous Vehiclescited by 1
- 2025A Real-time Spatio-Temporal Trajectory Planner for Autonomous Vehicles with Semantic Graph Optimizationcited by 0
- 2025Mode Collapse Happens: Evaluating Critical Interactions in Joint Trajectory Prediction Modelscited by 0
- 2025HYPE: Hybrid Planning with Ego Proposal-Conditioned Predictions14 Oct 2025
- 2025Mode Collapse Happens: Evaluating Critical Interactions in Joint Trajectory Prediction Models29 Jun 2025
- 2025A Real-time Spatio-Temporal Trajectory Planner for Autonomous Vehicles with Semantic Graph Optimization25 Feb 2025
- 2023URA*: Uncertainty-aware Path Planning using Image-based Aerial-to-Ground Traversability Estimation for Off-road Environments15 Sep 2023
- 2023The Integration of Prediction and Planning in Deep Learning Automated Driving Systems: A Review10 Aug 2023
- 2023A Multi-Heuristic Search-based Motion Planning for Automated Parking15 Jul 2023
- 2023Perception Imitation: Towards Synthesis-free Simulator for Autonomous Vehicles19 Apr 2023
- 2023Search-Based Task and Motion Planning for Hybrid Systems: Agile Autonomous Vehicles25 Jan 2023
- 2022Vision for Bosnia and Herzegovina in Artificial Intelligence Age: Global Trends, Potential Opportunities, Selected Use-cases and Realistic Goals8 Sep 2022
- 2022Vehicle Type Specific Waypoint Generation9 Aug 2022
- 2021MP3: A Unified Model to Map, Perceive, Predict and Plan18 Jan 2021