mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Style Aggregated Network for Facial Landmark Detection

arXiv 1803.04108 ↗First posted 12 Mar 2018cs.CVcited by 60

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Abstract (arXiv)

Recent advances in facial landmark detection achieve success by learning discriminative features from rich deformation of face shapes and poses. Besides the variance of faces themselves, the intrinsic variance of image styles, e.g., grayscale vs. color images, light vs. dark, intense vs. dull, and so on, has constantly been overlooked. This issue becomes inevitable as increasing web images are collected from various sources for training neural networks. In this work, we propose a style-aggregated approach to deal with the large intrinsic variance of image styles for facial landmark detection. Our method transforms original face images to style-aggregated images by a generative adversarial module. The proposed scheme uses the style-aggregated image to maintain face images that are more robust to environmental changes. Then the original face images accompanying with style-aggregated ones play a duet to train a landmark detector which is complementary to each other. In this way, for each face, our method takes two images as input, i.e., one in its original style and the other in the aggregated style. In experiments, we observe that the large variance of image styles would degenerate the performance of facial landmark detectors. Moreover, we show the robustness of our method to the large variance of image styles by comparing to a variant of our approach, in which the generative adversarial module is removed, and no style-aggregated images are used. Our approach is demonstrated to perform well when compared with state-of-the-art algorithms on benchmark datasets AFLW and 300-W. Code is publicly available on GitHub: https://github.com/D-X-Y/SAN

Key facts. Cited by 60 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 12 Mar 2018.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 23; 2022: 11; 2023: 8; 2024: 11; 2025: 4; 2026: 3.

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  1. 2021General Facial Representation Learning in a Visual-Linguistic Mannercited by 193
  2. 2022Sparse Local Patch Transformer for Robust Face Alignment and Landmarks Inherent Relation Learningcited by 47
  3. 2023STAR Loss: Reducing Semantic Ambiguity in Facial Landmark Detectioncited by 41
  4. 2024FaceXFormer: A Unified Transformer for Facial Analysiscited by 34
  5. 2021ADNet: Leveraging Error-Bias Towards Normal Direction in Face Alignmentcited by 33
  6. 2022Towards Accurate Facial Landmark Detection via Cascaded Transformerscited by 31
  7. 2021Supervision by Registration and Triangulation for Landmark Detectioncited by 30
  8. 2021Synergy between 3DMM and 3D Landmarks for Accurate 3D Facial Geometrycited by 27
  9. 2022ZoomNAS: Searching for Whole-body Human Pose Estimation in the Wildcited by 23
  10. 2022Shape Preserving Facial Landmarks with Graph Attention Networkscited by 23
  11. 2021Rethinking Keypoint Representations: Modeling Keypoints and Poses as Objects for Multi-Person Human Pose Estimationcited by 20
  12. 2021Fast Facial Landmark Detection and Applications: A Surveycited by 18
38 more
  1. 2022Mask-FPAN: Semi-Supervised Face Parsing in the Wild With De-Occlusion and UV GANcited by 16
  2. 2023Precise Facial Landmark Detection by Reference Heatmap Transformercited by 16
  3. 2021HIH: Towards More Accurate Face Alignment via Heatmap in Heatmapcited by 15
  4. 2021Subpixel Heatmap Regression for Facial Landmark Localizationcited by 14
  5. 2023DFME: A New Benchmark for Dynamic Facial Micro-expression Recognitioncited by 13
  6. 2024Faceptor: A Generalist Model for Face Perceptioncited by 12
  7. 2021ASMNet: a Lightweight Deep Neural Network for Face Alignment and Pose Estimationcited by 10
  8. 2023AU-aware graph convolutional network for Macro- and Micro-expression spottingcited by 9
  9. 2022ACR Loss: Adaptive Coordinate-based Regression Loss for Face Alignmentcited by 7
  10. 2023MATT: Multimodal Attention Level Estimation for e-learning Platformscited by 7
  11. 2024DeepFace-Attention: Multimodal Face Biometrics for Attention Estimation with Application to e-Learningcited by 7
  12. 2021Facial Landmark Points Detection Using Knowledge Distillation-Based Neural Networkscited by 6
  13. 2021Robust and Precise Facial Landmark Detection by Self-Calibrated Pose Attention Networkcited by 6
  14. 2024Generalizable Face Landmarking Guided by Conditional Face Warpingcited by 6
  15. 2022Label Encoding for Regression Networkscited by 5
  16. 2024Cascaded Dual Vision Transformer for Accurate Facial Landmark Detectioncited by 5
  17. 2025Proto-Former: Unified Facial Landmark Detection by Prototype Transformercited by 5
  18. 2021Dense Representative Tooth Landmark/axis Detection Network on 3D Modelcited by 4
  19. 2022From Keypoints to Object Landmarks via Self-Training Correspondence: A novel approach to Unsupervised Landmark Discoverycited by 4
  20. 2021When Liebig's Barrel Meets Facial Landmark Detection: A Practical Modelcited by 3
  21. 2021Benchmarking Shadow Removal for Facial Landmark Detection and Beyondcited by 3
  22. 2022FreeEnricher: Enriching Face Landmarks without Additional Costcited by 3
  23. 2023KeyPosS: Plug-and-Play Facial Landmark Detection through GPS-Inspired True-Range Multilaterationcited by 3
  24. 2024Pose-Guided Self-Training with Two-Stage Clustering for Unsupervised Landmark Discoverycited by 3
  25. 2021An Efficient Multitask Neural Network for Face Alignment, Head Pose Estimation and Face Trackingcited by 2
  26. 2021DeepDarts: Modeling Keypoints as Objects for Automatic Scorekeeping in Darts using a Single Cameracited by 2
  27. 2021Progressive Spatio-Temporal Bilinear Network with Monte Carlo Dropout for Landmark-based Facial Expression Recognition with Uncertainty Estimationcited by 2
  28. 2024Fiducial Focus Augmentation for Facial Landmark Detectioncited by 2
  29. 2021Separable Batch Normalization for Robust Facial Landmark Localization with Cross-protocol Network Trainingcited by 1
  30. 2021Machine Learning-based Lie Detector applied to a Novel Annotated Game Datasetcited by 1
  31. 2023Automatic 3D Registration of Dental CBCT and Face Scan Data using 2D Projection Imagescited by 1
  32. 2023Unsupervised Landmark Discovery Using Consistency Guided Bottleneckcited by 1
  33. 2024Towards Multi-domain Face Landmark Detection with Synthetic Data from Diffusion modelcited by 1
  34. 2024S3Editor: A Sparse Semantic-Disentangled Self-Training Framework for Face Video Editingcited by 1
  35. 2025Mitigating Knowledge Discrepancies among Multiple Datasets for Task-agnostic Unified Face Alignmentcited by 1
  36. 2025Heatmap Regression without Soft-Argmax for Facial Landmark Detectioncited by 1
  37. 2026Supervision-by-Hallucination-and-Transfer: A Weakly-Supervised Approach for Robust and Precise Facial Landmark Detectioncited by 1
  38. 2026FreqFLD: Towards All-in-One Facial Landmark Detection via Frequency Modulationcited by 1

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