Style Aggregated Network for Facial Landmark Detection
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Abstract (arXiv)
Recent advances in facial landmark detection achieve success by learning discriminative features from rich deformation of face shapes and poses. Besides the variance of faces themselves, the intrinsic variance of image styles, e.g., grayscale vs. color images, light vs. dark, intense vs. dull, and so on, has constantly been overlooked. This issue becomes inevitable as increasing web images are collected from various sources for training neural networks. In this work, we propose a style-aggregated approach to deal with the large intrinsic variance of image styles for facial landmark detection. Our method transforms original face images to style-aggregated images by a generative adversarial module. The proposed scheme uses the style-aggregated image to maintain face images that are more robust to environmental changes. Then the original face images accompanying with style-aggregated ones play a duet to train a landmark detector which is complementary to each other. In this way, for each face, our method takes two images as input, i.e., one in its original style and the other in the aggregated style. In experiments, we observe that the large variance of image styles would degenerate the performance of facial landmark detectors. Moreover, we show the robustness of our method to the large variance of image styles by comparing to a variant of our approach, in which the generative adversarial module is removed, and no style-aggregated images are used. Our approach is demonstrated to perform well when compared with state-of-the-art algorithms on benchmark datasets AFLW and 300-W. Code is publicly available on GitHub: https://github.com/D-X-Y/SAN
Key facts. Cited by 60 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 12 Mar 2018.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 23; 2022: 11; 2023: 8; 2024: 11; 2025: 4; 2026: 3.
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- 2021General Facial Representation Learning in a Visual-Linguistic Mannercited by 193
- 2022Sparse Local Patch Transformer for Robust Face Alignment and Landmarks Inherent Relation Learningcited by 47
- 2023STAR Loss: Reducing Semantic Ambiguity in Facial Landmark Detectioncited by 41
- 2024FaceXFormer: A Unified Transformer for Facial Analysiscited by 34
- 2021ADNet: Leveraging Error-Bias Towards Normal Direction in Face Alignmentcited by 33
- 2022Towards Accurate Facial Landmark Detection via Cascaded Transformerscited by 31
- 2021Supervision by Registration and Triangulation for Landmark Detectioncited by 30
- 2021Synergy between 3DMM and 3D Landmarks for Accurate 3D Facial Geometrycited by 27
- 2022ZoomNAS: Searching for Whole-body Human Pose Estimation in the Wildcited by 23
- 2022Shape Preserving Facial Landmarks with Graph Attention Networkscited by 23
- 2021Rethinking Keypoint Representations: Modeling Keypoints and Poses as Objects for Multi-Person Human Pose Estimationcited by 20
- 2021Fast Facial Landmark Detection and Applications: A Surveycited by 18
38 more
- 2022Mask-FPAN: Semi-Supervised Face Parsing in the Wild With De-Occlusion and UV GANcited by 16
- 2023Precise Facial Landmark Detection by Reference Heatmap Transformercited by 16
- 2021HIH: Towards More Accurate Face Alignment via Heatmap in Heatmapcited by 15
- 2021Subpixel Heatmap Regression for Facial Landmark Localizationcited by 14
- 2023DFME: A New Benchmark for Dynamic Facial Micro-expression Recognitioncited by 13
- 2024Faceptor: A Generalist Model for Face Perceptioncited by 12
- 2021ASMNet: a Lightweight Deep Neural Network for Face Alignment and Pose Estimationcited by 10
- 2023AU-aware graph convolutional network for Macro- and Micro-expression spottingcited by 9
- 2022ACR Loss: Adaptive Coordinate-based Regression Loss for Face Alignmentcited by 7
- 2023MATT: Multimodal Attention Level Estimation for e-learning Platformscited by 7
- 2024DeepFace-Attention: Multimodal Face Biometrics for Attention Estimation with Application to e-Learningcited by 7
- 2021Facial Landmark Points Detection Using Knowledge Distillation-Based Neural Networkscited by 6
- 2021Robust and Precise Facial Landmark Detection by Self-Calibrated Pose Attention Networkcited by 6
- 2024Generalizable Face Landmarking Guided by Conditional Face Warpingcited by 6
- 2022Label Encoding for Regression Networkscited by 5
- 2024Cascaded Dual Vision Transformer for Accurate Facial Landmark Detectioncited by 5
- 2025Proto-Former: Unified Facial Landmark Detection by Prototype Transformercited by 5
- 2021Dense Representative Tooth Landmark/axis Detection Network on 3D Modelcited by 4
- 2022From Keypoints to Object Landmarks via Self-Training Correspondence: A novel approach to Unsupervised Landmark Discoverycited by 4
- 2021When Liebig's Barrel Meets Facial Landmark Detection: A Practical Modelcited by 3
- 2021Benchmarking Shadow Removal for Facial Landmark Detection and Beyondcited by 3
- 2022FreeEnricher: Enriching Face Landmarks without Additional Costcited by 3
- 2023KeyPosS: Plug-and-Play Facial Landmark Detection through GPS-Inspired True-Range Multilaterationcited by 3
- 2024Pose-Guided Self-Training with Two-Stage Clustering for Unsupervised Landmark Discoverycited by 3
- 2021An Efficient Multitask Neural Network for Face Alignment, Head Pose Estimation and Face Trackingcited by 2
- 2021DeepDarts: Modeling Keypoints as Objects for Automatic Scorekeeping in Darts using a Single Cameracited by 2
- 2021Progressive Spatio-Temporal Bilinear Network with Monte Carlo Dropout for Landmark-based Facial Expression Recognition with Uncertainty Estimationcited by 2
- 2024Fiducial Focus Augmentation for Facial Landmark Detectioncited by 2
- 2021Separable Batch Normalization for Robust Facial Landmark Localization with Cross-protocol Network Trainingcited by 1
- 2021Machine Learning-based Lie Detector applied to a Novel Annotated Game Datasetcited by 1
- 2023Automatic 3D Registration of Dental CBCT and Face Scan Data using 2D Projection Imagescited by 1
- 2023Unsupervised Landmark Discovery Using Consistency Guided Bottleneckcited by 1
- 2024Towards Multi-domain Face Landmark Detection with Synthetic Data from Diffusion modelcited by 1
- 2024S3Editor: A Sparse Semantic-Disentangled Self-Training Framework for Face Video Editingcited by 1
- 2025Mitigating Knowledge Discrepancies among Multiple Datasets for Task-agnostic Unified Face Alignmentcited by 1
- 2025Heatmap Regression without Soft-Argmax for Facial Landmark Detectioncited by 1
- 2026Supervision-by-Hallucination-and-Transfer: A Weakly-Supervised Approach for Robust and Precise Facial Landmark Detectioncited by 1
- 2026FreqFLD: Towards All-in-One Facial Landmark Detection via Frequency Modulationcited by 1
50 most cited of 60 All 60 (JSON)
- 2026FAHCD-Net: Frequency-Adaptive Heatmap-Conditional Diffusion Networks for Robust Facial Landmark Detection15 Sep 2026
- 2026FreqFLD: Towards All-in-One Facial Landmark Detection via Frequency Modulation9 Sep 2026
- 2026Supervision-by-Hallucination-and-Transfer: A Weakly-Supervised Approach for Robust and Precise Facial Landmark Detection19 Jan 2026
- 2025Proto-Former: Unified Facial Landmark Detection by Prototype Transformer17 Oct 2025
- 2025Heatmap Regression without Soft-Argmax for Facial Landmark Detection19 Aug 2025
- 2025PaCo-FR: Patch-Pixel Aligned End-to-End Codebook Learning for Facial Representation Pre-training13 Aug 2025
- 2025Mitigating Knowledge Discrepancies among Multiple Datasets for Task-agnostic Unified Face Alignment28 Mar 2025
- 2024Cascaded Dual Vision Transformer for Accurate Facial Landmark Detection8 Nov 2024
- 2024DeepFace-Attention: Multimodal Face Biometrics for Attention Estimation with Application to e-Learning10 Aug 2024
- 2024AUGlasses: Continuous Action Unit based Facial Reconstruction with Low-power IMUs on Smart Glasses22 May 2024
- 2024Generalizable Face Landmarking Guided by Conditional Face Warping18 Apr 2024
- 2024S3Editor: A Sparse Semantic-Disentangled Self-Training Framework for Face Video Editing11 Apr 2024
38 more
- 2024Pose-Guided Self-Training with Two-Stage Clustering for Unsupervised Landmark Discovery24 Mar 2024
- 2024FaceXFormer: A Unified Transformer for Facial Analysis19 Mar 2024
- 2024Normalized Validity Scores for DNNs in Regression based Eye Feature Extraction18 Mar 2024
- 2024Faceptor: A Generalist Model for Face Perception14 Mar 2024
- 2024Fiducial Focus Augmentation for Facial Landmark Detection23 Feb 2024
- 2024Towards Multi-domain Face Landmark Detection with Synthetic Data from Diffusion model24 Jan 2024
- 2023Unsupervised Landmark Discovery Using Consistency Guided Bottleneck19 Sep 2023
- 2023STAR Loss: Reducing Semantic Ambiguity in Facial Landmark Detection5 Jun 2023
- 2023KeyPosS: Plug-and-Play Facial Landmark Detection through GPS-Inspired True-Range Multilateration25 May 2023
- 2023Automatic 3D Registration of Dental CBCT and Face Scan Data using 2D Projection Images17 May 2023
- 2023AU-aware graph convolutional network for Macro- and Micro-expression spotting16 Mar 2023
- 2023Precise Facial Landmark Detection by Reference Heatmap Transformer14 Mar 2023
- 2023MATT: Multimodal Attention Level Estimation for e-learning Platforms22 Jan 2023
- 2023DFME: A New Benchmark for Dynamic Facial Micro-expression Recognition3 Jan 2023
- 2022FreeEnricher: Enriching Face Landmarks without Additional Cost19 Dec 2022
- 2022Mask-FPAN: Semi-Supervised Face Parsing in the Wild With De-Occlusion and UV GAN18 Dec 2022
- 2022Label Encoding for Regression Networks4 Dec 2022
- 2022Robust Boosting Forests with Richer Deep Feature Hierarchy29 Oct 2022
- 2022Shape Preserving Facial Landmarks with Graph Attention Networks13 Oct 2022
- 2022ZoomNAS: Searching for Whole-body Human Pose Estimation in the Wild23 Aug 2022
- 2022Towards Accurate Facial Landmark Detection via Cascaded Transformers23 Aug 2022
- 2022Stochastic Attribute Modeling for Face Super-Resolution16 Jul 2022
- 2022From Keypoints to Object Landmarks via Self-Training Correspondence: A novel approach to Unsupervised Landmark Discovery31 May 2022
- 2022ACR Loss: Adaptive Coordinate-based Regression Loss for Face Alignment29 Mar 2022
- 2022Sparse Local Patch Transformer for Robust Face Alignment and Landmarks Inherent Relation Learning13 Mar 2022
- 2021Robust and Precise Facial Landmark Detection by Self-Calibrated Pose Attention Network23 Dec 2021
- 2021General Facial Representation Learning in a Visual-Linguistic Manner6 Dec 2021
- 2021Benchmarking Shadow Removal for Facial Landmark Detection and Beyond27 Nov 2021
- 2021Rethinking Keypoint Representations: Modeling Keypoints and Poses as Objects for Multi-Person Human Pose Estimation16 Nov 2021
- 2021Facial Landmark Points Detection Using Knowledge Distillation-Based Neural Networks13 Nov 2021
- 2021Dense Representative Tooth Landmark/axis Detection Network on 3D Model8 Nov 2021
- 2021Subpixel Heatmap Regression for Facial Landmark Localization3 Nov 2021
- 2021Synergy between 3DMM and 3D Landmarks for Accurate 3D Facial Geometry19 Oct 2021
- 2021ADNet: Leveraging Error-Bias Towards Normal Direction in Face Alignment13 Sep 2021
- 2021LDDMM-Face: Large Deformation Diffeomorphic Metric Learning for Flexible and Consistent Face Alignment2 Aug 2021
- 2021Progressive Spatio-Temporal Bilinear Network with Monte Carlo Dropout for Landmark-based Facial Expression Recognition with Uncertainty Estimation8 Jun 2021
- 2021When Liebig's Barrel Meets Facial Landmark Detection: A Practical Model27 May 2021
- 2021DeepDarts: Modeling Keypoints as Objects for Automatic Scorekeeping in Darts using a Single Camera20 May 2021
50 newest of 60 All 60 (JSON)
- 2021General Facial Representation Learning in a Visual-Linguistic Mannercited by 193
- 2022Sparse Local Patch Transformer for Robust Face Alignment and Landmarks Inherent Relation Learningcited by 47
- 2023STAR Loss: Reducing Semantic Ambiguity in Facial Landmark Detectioncited by 41
- 2024FaceXFormer: A Unified Transformer for Facial Analysiscited by 34
- 2021ADNet: Leveraging Error-Bias Towards Normal Direction in Face Alignmentcited by 33
- 2022Towards Accurate Facial Landmark Detection via Cascaded Transformerscited by 31
- 2021Supervision by Registration and Triangulation for Landmark Detectioncited by 30
- 2021Synergy between 3DMM and 3D Landmarks for Accurate 3D Facial Geometrycited by 27
- 2022ZoomNAS: Searching for Whole-body Human Pose Estimation in the Wildcited by 23
- 2022Shape Preserving Facial Landmarks with Graph Attention Networkscited by 23
- 2021Rethinking Keypoint Representations: Modeling Keypoints and Poses as Objects for Multi-Person Human Pose Estimationcited by 20
- 2021Fast Facial Landmark Detection and Applications: A Surveycited by 18
12 most cited of 58 All 58 (JSON)
- 2026FAHCD-Net: Frequency-Adaptive Heatmap-Conditional Diffusion Networks for Robust Facial Landmark Detection15 Sep 2026
- 2026FreqFLD: Towards All-in-One Facial Landmark Detection via Frequency Modulation9 Sep 2026
- 2026Supervision-by-Hallucination-and-Transfer: A Weakly-Supervised Approach for Robust and Precise Facial Landmark Detection19 Jan 2026
- 2025Proto-Former: Unified Facial Landmark Detection by Prototype Transformer17 Oct 2025
- 2025Heatmap Regression without Soft-Argmax for Facial Landmark Detection19 Aug 2025
- 2025PaCo-FR: Patch-Pixel Aligned End-to-End Codebook Learning for Facial Representation Pre-training13 Aug 2025
- 2025Mitigating Knowledge Discrepancies among Multiple Datasets for Task-agnostic Unified Face Alignment28 Mar 2025
- 2024Cascaded Dual Vision Transformer for Accurate Facial Landmark Detection8 Nov 2024
- 2024DeepFace-Attention: Multimodal Face Biometrics for Attention Estimation with Application to e-Learning10 Aug 2024
- 2024AUGlasses: Continuous Action Unit based Facial Reconstruction with Low-power IMUs on Smart Glasses22 May 2024
- 2024Generalizable Face Landmarking Guided by Conditional Face Warping18 Apr 2024
- 2024S3Editor: A Sparse Semantic-Disentangled Self-Training Framework for Face Video Editing11 Apr 2024
12 newest of 58 All 58 (JSON)