Precision and Recall for Time Series
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Abstract (arXiv)
Classical anomaly detection is principally concerned with point-based anomalies, those anomalies that occur at a single point in time. Yet, many real-world anomalies are range-based, meaning they occur over a period of time. Motivated by this observation, we present a new mathematical model to evaluate the accuracy of time series classification algorithms. Our model expands the well-known Precision and Recall metrics to measure ranges, while simultaneously enabling customization support for domain-specific preferences.
Key facts. Cited by 67 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 8 Mar 2018.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 5; 2022: 7; 2023: 8; 2024: 12; 2025: 14; 2026: 21.
67 papers.
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- 2024CATCH: Channel-Aware multivariate Time Series Anomaly Detection via Frequency Patchingcited by 91
- 2022Local Evaluation of Time Series Anomaly Detection Algorithmscited by 79
- 2025TAB: Unified Benchmarking of Time Series Anomaly Detection Methodscited by 58
- 2021Neural Contextual Anomaly Detection for Time Seriescited by 42
- 2024Large language models can be zero-shot anomaly detectors for time series?cited by 30
- 2023Navigating the Metric Maze: A Taxonomy of Evaluation Metrics for Anomaly Detection in Time Seriescited by 24
- 2024TimeSeriesBench: An Industrial-Grade Benchmark for Time Series Anomaly Detection Modelscited by 22
- 2024Position: Quo Vadis, Unsupervised Time Series Anomaly Detection?cited by 17
- 2022Sintel: A Machine Learning Framework to Extract Insights from Signalscited by 16
- 2024PATE: Proximity-Aware Time series anomaly Evaluationcited by 13
- 2025VUS: Effective and Efficient Accuracy Measures for Time-Series Anomaly Detectioncited by 11
- 2025Robust and Explainable Detector of Time Series Anomaly via Augmenting Multiclass Pseudo-Anomaliescited by 7
38 more
- 2022Open challenges for Machine Learning based Early Decision-Making researchcited by 6
- 2024Online Model-based Anomaly Detection in Multivariate Time Series: Taxonomy, Survey, Research Challenges and Future Directionscited by 6
- 2025mTSBench: Benchmarking Multivariate Time Series Anomaly Detection and Model Selection at Scalecited by 6
- 2025STAR: Boosting Time Series Foundation Models for Anomaly Detection through State-aware Adaptercited by 6
- 2021Data-driven Design of Context-aware Monitors for Hazard Prediction in Artificial Pancreas Systemscited by 5
- 2021Anomaly Detection in Predictive Maintenance: A New Evaluation Framework for Temporal Unsupervised Anomaly Detection Algorithmscited by 5
- 2022A Meta-level Analysis of Online Anomaly Detectorscited by 5
- 2023Range-Based Equal Error Rate for Spoof Localizationcited by 5
- 2024Probably Approximately Precision and Recall Learningcited by 5
- 2022Don't Get Me Wrong: How to Apply Deep Visual Interpretations to Time Seriescited by 4
- 2025Structured Temporal Causality for Interpretable Multivariate Time Series Anomaly Detectioncited by 4
- 2024Matrix Profile for Anomaly Detection on Multidimensional Time Seriescited by 3
- 2025M2AD: Multi-Sensor Multi-System Anomaly Detection through Global Scoring and Calibrated Thresholdingcited by 3
- 2026Towards Multimodal Time Series Anomaly Detection with Semantic Alignment and Condensed Interactioncited by 3
- 2023SoftED: Metrics for Soft Evaluation of Time Series Event Detectioncited by 2
- 2023A Survey of Time Series Anomaly Detection Methods in the AIOps Domaincited by 2
- 2024A Comparison of Deep Learning Architectures for Spacecraft Anomaly Detectioncited by 2
- 2024Towards Unbiased Evaluation of Time-series Anomaly Detectorcited by 2
- 2023EdgeConvFormer: Dynamic Graph CNN and Transformer based Anomaly Detection in Multivariate Time Seriescited by 1
- 2025RATFM: Retrieval-augmented Time Series Foundation Model for Anomaly Detectioncited by 1
- 2025Quantum Gated Recurrent GAN with Gaussian Uncertainty for Network Anomaly Detectioncited by 1
- 2025A Problem-Oriented Taxonomy of Evaluation Metrics for Time Series Anomaly Detectioncited by 1
- 2026QUPID: A Partitioned Quantum Neural Network for Anomaly Detection in Smart Gridcited by 1
- 2026Benchmarking Anomaly Detection Across Heterogeneous Cloud Telemetry Datasetscited by 1
- 2026Online Set Learning from Precision and Recall Feedbackcited by 1
- 2026Disjoint or Overlapping? Inference Windowing for Reconstruction-Based Time Series Anomaly Detectioncited by 1
- 2021My(o) Armband Leaks Passwords: An EMG and IMU Based Keylogging Side-Channel Attackcited by 0
- 2021Ymir: A Supervised Ensemble Framework for Multivariate Time Series Anomaly Detectioncited by 0
- 2022Two-Stage Deep Anomaly Detection with Heterogeneous Time Series Datacited by 0
- 2022Rare Yet Popular: Evidence and Implications from Labeled Datasets for Network Anomaly Detectioncited by 0
- 2023Evaluation Strategy of Time-series Anomaly Detection with Decay Functioncited by 0
- 2023AlerTiger: Deep Learning for AI Model Health Monitoring at LinkedIncited by 0
- 2023Active Inference-Based Optimization of Discriminative Neural Network Classifierscited by 0
- 2024Understanding Time Series Anomaly State Detection through One-Class Classificationcited by 0
- 2024Boundary Density Likelihood for Direct Event-Time Supervisioncited by 0
- 2025OIPR: Evaluation for Time-series Anomaly Detection Inspired by Operator Interestcited by 0
- 2025JIR-Arena: The First Benchmark Dataset for Just-in-time Information Recommendationcited by 0
- 2025CCE: Confidence-Consistency Evaluation for Time Series Anomaly Detectioncited by 0
50 most cited of 67 All 67 (JSON)
- 2026LEARN-TS: LLM-Enhanced Alignment and Reconstruction with Normality Guidance for Multivariate Time-Series Anomaly Detection30 Sep 2026
- 2026No Scale Left Behind: Multi-Scale Autoencoder with Bi-directional Attention for Time Series Anomaly Detection29 Sep 2026
- 2026PISCES: Physics-Informed Solar-wind Convolutional autoEncoder for Space-weather Anomaly Detection and Early Warning23 Sep 2026
- 2026Angular Gaussian Supervised Contrastive Learning for Long-Tailed Electrocardiogram Arrhythmia Diagnosis16 Jul 2026
- 2026Did We Actually Fix It? An Independent Adversarial Stress-Test of Post-Point-Adjustment Evaluation Metrics for Time-Series Anomaly Detection12 Jul 2026
- 2026Fast and Accurate Anomaly Detection in Time Series2 Jul 2026
- 2026Weighted Score-Oriented Losses for Temporally Localized Event Prediction22 Jun 2026
- 2026DAST: A VLM-LLM Framework for Cross-Interface Anomaly Detection in O-RAN4 Jun 2026
- 2026Disjoint or Overlapping? Inference Windowing for Reconstruction-Based Time Series Anomaly Detection2 Jun 2026
- 2026Stream Assembly Is an Uncontrolled Treatment in Streaming Intrusion-Detection Benchmarks23 May 2026
- 2026VACE: Learning Geometrically Structured Representations for Time Series Anomaly Detection22 May 2026
- 2026Accurate Evaluation of Quickest Changepoint Detectors via Non-parametric Survival Analysis11 May 2026
38 more
- 2026Online Set Learning from Precision and Recall Feedback10 May 2026
- 2026Towards Multimodal Time Series Anomaly Detection with Semantic Alignment and Condensed Interaction23 Mar 2026
- 2026Grammar of the Wave: Towards Explainable Multivariate Time Series Event Detection via Neuro-Symbolic VLM Agents12 Mar 2026
- 2026GNNs for Time Series Anomaly Detection: An Open-Source Framework and a Critical Evaluation10 Mar 2026
- 2026DQE: A Semantic-Aware Evaluation Metric for Time Series Anomaly Detection6 Mar 2026
- 2026Selective Denoising Diffusion Model for Time Series Anomaly Detection27 Feb 2026
- 2026Benchmarking IoT Time-Series AD with Event-Level Augmentations17 Feb 2026
- 2026Benchmarking Anomaly Detection Across Heterogeneous Cloud Telemetry Datasets7 Feb 2026
- 2026QUPID: A Partitioned Quantum Neural Network for Anomaly Detection in Smart Grid16 Jan 2026
- 2025A Problem-Oriented Taxonomy of Evaluation Metrics for Time Series Anomaly Detection24 Nov 2025
- 2025Quantum Gated Recurrent GAN with Gaussian Uncertainty for Network Anomaly Detection30 Oct 2025
- 2025Structured Temporal Causality for Interpretable Multivariate Time Series Anomaly Detection18 Oct 2025
- 2025STAR: Boosting Time Series Foundation Models for Anomaly Detection through State-aware Adapter15 Oct 2025
- 2025A Comprehensive Forecasting-Based Framework for Time Series Anomaly Detection: Benchmarking on the Numenta Anomaly Benchmark (NAB)13 Oct 2025
- 2025CCE: Confidence-Consistency Evaluation for Time Series Anomaly Detection1 Sep 2025
- 2025mTSBench: Benchmarking Multivariate Time Series Anomaly Detection and Model Selection at Scale26 Jun 2025
- 2025TAB: Unified Benchmarking of Time Series Anomaly Detection Methods22 Jun 2025
- 2025RATFM: Retrieval-augmented Time Series Foundation Model for Anomaly Detection2 Jun 2025
- 2025Robust and Explainable Detector of Time Series Anomaly via Augmenting Multiclass Pseudo-Anomalies27 May 2025
- 2025JIR-Arena: The First Benchmark Dataset for Just-in-time Information Recommendation19 May 2025
- 2025M2AD: Multi-Sensor Multi-System Anomaly Detection through Global Scoring and Calibrated Thresholding21 Apr 2025
- 2025OIPR: Evaluation for Time-series Anomaly Detection Inspired by Operator Interest3 Mar 2025
- 2025VUS: Effective and Efficient Accuracy Measures for Time-Series Anomaly Detection18 Feb 2025
- 2024Probably Approximately Precision and Recall Learning20 Nov 2024
- 2024CATCH: Channel-Aware multivariate Time Series Anomaly Detection via Frequency Patching16 Oct 2024
- 2024Towards Unbiased Evaluation of Time-series Anomaly Detector19 Sep 2024
- 2024Matrix Profile for Anomaly Detection on Multidimensional Time Series14 Sep 2024
- 2024Boundary Density Likelihood for Direct Event-Time Supervision23 Aug 2024
- 2024Online Model-based Anomaly Detection in Multivariate Time Series: Taxonomy, Survey, Research Challenges and Future Directions7 Aug 2024
- 2024Large language models can be zero-shot anomaly detectors for time series?23 May 2024
- 2024PATE: Proximity-Aware Time series anomaly Evaluation20 May 2024
- 2024Position: Quo Vadis, Unsupervised Time Series Anomaly Detection?4 May 2024
- 2024A Comparison of Deep Learning Architectures for Spacecraft Anomaly Detection19 Mar 2024
- 2024TimeSeriesBench: An Industrial-Grade Benchmark for Time Series Anomaly Detection Models16 Feb 2024
- 2024Understanding Time Series Anomaly State Detection through One-Class Classification3 Feb 2024
- 2023EdgeConvFormer: Dynamic Graph CNN and Transformer based Anomaly Detection in Multivariate Time Series4 Dec 2023
- 2023A Survey of Time Series Anomaly Detection Methods in the AIOps Domain1 Aug 2023
- 2023Active Inference-Based Optimization of Discriminative Neural Network Classifiers4 Jun 2023
50 newest of 67 All 67 (JSON)
- 2024CATCH: Channel-Aware multivariate Time Series Anomaly Detection via Frequency Patchingcited by 91
- 2022Local Evaluation of Time Series Anomaly Detection Algorithmscited by 79
- 2025TAB: Unified Benchmarking of Time Series Anomaly Detection Methodscited by 58
- 2021Neural Contextual Anomaly Detection for Time Seriescited by 42
- 2024Large language models can be zero-shot anomaly detectors for time series?cited by 30
- 2023Navigating the Metric Maze: A Taxonomy of Evaluation Metrics for Anomaly Detection in Time Seriescited by 24
- 2024TimeSeriesBench: An Industrial-Grade Benchmark for Time Series Anomaly Detection Modelscited by 22
- 2024Position: Quo Vadis, Unsupervised Time Series Anomaly Detection?cited by 17
- 2022Sintel: A Machine Learning Framework to Extract Insights from Signalscited by 16
- 2024PATE: Proximity-Aware Time series anomaly Evaluationcited by 13
- 2025VUS: Effective and Efficient Accuracy Measures for Time-Series Anomaly Detectioncited by 11
- 2025Robust and Explainable Detector of Time Series Anomaly via Augmenting Multiclass Pseudo-Anomaliescited by 7
12 most cited of 64 All 64 (JSON)
- 2026LEARN-TS: LLM-Enhanced Alignment and Reconstruction with Normality Guidance for Multivariate Time-Series Anomaly Detection30 Sep 2026
- 2026No Scale Left Behind: Multi-Scale Autoencoder with Bi-directional Attention for Time Series Anomaly Detection29 Sep 2026
- 2026PISCES: Physics-Informed Solar-wind Convolutional autoEncoder for Space-weather Anomaly Detection and Early Warning23 Sep 2026
- 2026Angular Gaussian Supervised Contrastive Learning for Long-Tailed Electrocardiogram Arrhythmia Diagnosis16 Jul 2026
- 2026Did We Actually Fix It? An Independent Adversarial Stress-Test of Post-Point-Adjustment Evaluation Metrics for Time-Series Anomaly Detection12 Jul 2026
- 2026Fast and Accurate Anomaly Detection in Time Series2 Jul 2026
- 2026Weighted Score-Oriented Losses for Temporally Localized Event Prediction22 Jun 2026
- 2026DAST: A VLM-LLM Framework for Cross-Interface Anomaly Detection in O-RAN4 Jun 2026
- 2026Disjoint or Overlapping? Inference Windowing for Reconstruction-Based Time Series Anomaly Detection2 Jun 2026
- 2026Stream Assembly Is an Uncontrolled Treatment in Streaming Intrusion-Detection Benchmarks23 May 2026
- 2026VACE: Learning Geometrically Structured Representations for Time Series Anomaly Detection22 May 2026
- 2026Accurate Evaluation of Quickest Changepoint Detectors via Non-parametric Survival Analysis11 May 2026
12 newest of 64 All 64 (JSON)