Interpretable & Explorable Approximations of Black Box Models
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Abstract (arXiv)
We propose Black Box Explanations through Transparent Approximations (BETA), a novel model agnostic framework for explaining the behavior of any black-box classifier by simultaneously optimizing for fidelity to the original model and interpretability of the explanation. To this end, we develop a novel objective function which allows us to learn (with optimality guarantees), a small number of compact decision sets each of which explains the behavior of the black box model in unambiguous, well-defined regions of feature space. Furthermore, our framework also is capable of accepting user input when generating these approximations, thus allowing users to interactively explore how the black-box model behaves in different subspaces that are of interest to the user. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first approach which can produce global explanations of the behavior of any given black box model through joint optimization of unambiguity, fidelity, and interpretability, while also allowing users to explore model behavior based on their preferences. Experimental evaluation with real-world datasets and user studies demonstrates that our approach can generate highly compact, easy-to-understand, yet accurate approximations of various kinds of predictive models compared to state-of-the-art baselines.
Key facts. Cited by 54 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 4 Jul 2017.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 18; 2022: 11; 2023: 14; 2024: 5; 2025: 5; 2026: 1.
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- 2021Trustworthy AI: From Principles to Practicescited by 206
- 2021Human-Centered Explainable AI (XAI): From Algorithms to User Experiencescited by 123
- 2021Interpretable Deep Learning: Interpretation, Interpretability, Trustworthiness, and Beyondcited by 116
- 2021Have We Learned to Explain?: How Interpretability Methods Can Learn to Encode Predictions in their Interpretationscited by 59
- 2024Determinants of LLM-assisted Decision-Makingcited by 55
- 2021GLocalX -- From Local to Global Explanations of Black Box AI Modelscited by 48
- 2022The Road to Explainability is Paved with Bias: Measuring the Fairness of Explanationscited by 41
- 2021HYDRA: Hypergradient Data Relevance Analysis for Interpreting Deep Neural Networkscited by 38
- 2021Explainable Reinforcement Learning for Broad-XAI: A Conceptual Framework and Surveycited by 24
- 2021Counterfactual Explanations for Models of Codecited by 24
- 2023A Review on Explainable Artificial Intelligence for Healthcare: Why, How, and When?cited by 24
- 2021Levels of explainable artificial intelligence for human-aligned conversational explanationscited by 21
38 more
- 2022What Makes a Good Explanation?: A Harmonized View of Properties of Explanationscited by 21
- 2021An Objective Metric for Explainable AI: How and Why to Estimate the Degree of Explainabilitycited by 15
- 2021Explainable Deep Learning in Healthcare: A Methodological Survey from an Attribution Viewcited by 15
- 2021Explainability Is in the Mind of the Beholder: Establishing the Foundations of Explainable Artificial Intelligencecited by 13
- 2022Redefining Counterfactual Explanations for Reinforcement Learning: Overview, Challenges and Opportunitiescited by 12
- 2021Label-Descriptive Patterns and Their Application to Characterizing Classification Errorscited by 10
- 2021A Survey on Methods and Metrics for the Assessment of Explainability under the Proposed AI Actcited by 8
- 2023Probabilistic Dataset Reconstruction from Interpretable Modelscited by 7
- 2023Ethical Framework for Harnessing the Power of AI in Healthcare and Beyondcited by 6
- 2021A Review of Explainable Artificial Intelligence in Manufacturingcited by 5
- 2022Visual Exploration of Machine Learning Model Behavior with Hierarchical Surrogate Rule Setscited by 5
- 2022Explainability in Process Outcome Prediction: Guidelines to Obtain Interpretable and Faithful Modelscited by 5
- 2022Efficient Learning of Interpretable Classification Rulescited by 5
- 2023Interpretable Graph Neural Networks for Tabular Datacited by 5
- 2021When and Why does a Model Fail? A Human-in-the-loop Error Detection Framework for Sentiment Analysiscited by 4
- 2022Deep Learning, Natural Language Processing, and Explainable Artificial Intelligence in the Biomedical Domaincited by 4
- 2022Interpreting Black-box Machine Learning Models for High Dimensional Datasetscited by 4
- 2023Approximating Score-based Explanation Techniques Using Conformal Regressioncited by 4
- 2023Contextualized Machine Learningcited by 4
- 2025Decentralizing AI Memory: SHIMI, a Semantic Hierarchical Memory Index for Scalable Agent Reasoningcited by 4
- 2023On marginal feature attributions of tree-based modelscited by 3
- 2023Learning Hybrid Interpretable Models: Theory, Taxonomy, and Methodscited by 3
- 2023On the Relationship Between Interpretability and Explainability in Machine Learningcited by 3
- 2023Interpretable and Explainable Machine Learning Methods for Predictive Process Monitoring: A Systematic Literature Reviewcited by 3
- 2025Explaining the Unexplainable: A Systematic Review of Explainable AI in Financecited by 3
- 2025Prediction via Shapley Value Regressioncited by 3
- 2022A Neural Ordinary Differential Equation Model for Visualizing Deep Neural Network Behaviors in Multi-Parametric MRI based Glioma Segmentationcited by 2
- 2022Towards Interpretable Deep Reinforcement Learning Models via Inverse Reinforcement Learningcited by 2
- 2023Evolutionary approaches to explainable machine learningcited by 2
- 2023HOPE: High-order Polynomial Expansion of Black-box Neural Networkscited by 2
- 2024Evolutionary Computation and Explainable AI: A Roadmap to Understandable Intelligent Systemscited by 2
- 2021Tree-based local explanations of machine learning model predictions, AraucanaXAIcited by 1
- 2022Enriching Artificial Intelligence Explanations with Knowledge Fragmentscited by 1
- 2023Evaluating Explainability in Machine Learning Predictions through Explainer-Agnostic Metricscited by 1
- 2024XAI-CF -- Examining the Role of Explainable Artificial Intelligence in Cyber Forensicscited by 1
- 2024Interpretable Graph Neural Networks for Heterogeneous Tabular Datacited by 1
- 2021Harnessing value from data science in business: ensuring explainability and fairness of solutionscited by 0
- 2023Beyond Discriminative Regions: Saliency Maps as Alternatives to CAMs for Weakly Supervised Semantic Segmentationcited by 0
50 most cited of 54 All 54 (JSON)
- 2026Mixtures of Transparent Local Models15 Jan 2026
- 2025ConceptFlow: Hierarchical and Fine-grained Concept-Based Explanation for Convolutional Neural Networks16 Sep 2025
- 2025Prediction via Shapley Value Regression7 May 2025
- 2025Decentralizing AI Memory: SHIMI, a Semantic Hierarchical Memory Index for Scalable Agent Reasoning8 Apr 2025
- 2025Explainable post-training bias mitigation with distribution-based fairness metrics1 Apr 2025
- 2025Explaining the Unexplainable: A Systematic Review of Explainable AI in Finance7 Mar 2025
- 2024Explaining word embeddings with perfect fidelity: Case study in research impact prediction24 Sep 2024
- 2024Interpretable Graph Neural Networks for Heterogeneous Tabular Data14 Aug 2024
- 2024Evolutionary Computation and Explainable AI: A Roadmap to Understandable Intelligent Systems12 Jun 2024
- 2024Determinants of LLM-assisted Decision-Making27 Feb 2024
- 2024XAI-CF -- Examining the Role of Explainable Artificial Intelligence in Cyber Forensics4 Feb 2024
- 2023Interpretable and Explainable Machine Learning Methods for Predictive Process Monitoring: A Systematic Literature Review29 Dec 2023
38 more
- 2023On the Relationship Between Interpretability and Explainability in Machine Learning20 Nov 2023
- 2023Contextualized Machine Learning17 Oct 2023
- 2023Ethical Framework for Harnessing the Power of AI in Healthcare and Beyond31 Aug 2023
- 2023Probabilistic Dataset Reconstruction from Interpretable Models29 Aug 2023
- 2023Approximating Score-based Explanation Techniques Using Conformal Regression23 Aug 2023
- 2023Beyond Discriminative Regions: Saliency Maps as Alternatives to CAMs for Weakly Supervised Semantic Segmentation21 Aug 2023
- 2023Interpretable Graph Neural Networks for Tabular Data17 Aug 2023
- 2023HOPE: High-order Polynomial Expansion of Black-box Neural Networks17 Jul 2023
- 2023Evolutionary approaches to explainable machine learning23 Jun 2023
- 2023A Review on Explainable Artificial Intelligence for Healthcare: Why, How, and When?10 Apr 2023
- 2023Learning Hybrid Interpretable Models: Theory, Taxonomy, and Methods8 Mar 2023
- 2023Evaluating Explainability in Machine Learning Predictions through Explainer-Agnostic Metrics23 Feb 2023
- 2023On marginal feature attributions of tree-based models16 Feb 2023
- 2022What Makes a Good Explanation?: A Harmonized View of Properties of Explanations10 Nov 2022
- 2022Redefining Counterfactual Explanations for Reinforcement Learning: Overview, Challenges and Opportunities21 Oct 2022
- 2022Interpreting Black-box Machine Learning Models for High Dimensional Datasets29 Aug 2022
- 2022Efficient Learning of Interpretable Classification Rules14 May 2022
- 2022The Road to Explainability is Paved with Bias: Measuring the Fairness of Explanations6 May 2022
- 2022Enriching Artificial Intelligence Explanations with Knowledge Fragments12 Apr 2022
- 2022Towards Interpretable Deep Reinforcement Learning Models via Inverse Reinforcement Learning30 Mar 2022
- 2022Explainability in Process Outcome Prediction: Guidelines to Obtain Interpretable and Faithful Models30 Mar 2022
- 2022A Neural Ordinary Differential Equation Model for Visualizing Deep Neural Network Behaviors in Multi-Parametric MRI based Glioma Segmentation1 Mar 2022
- 2022Deep Learning, Natural Language Processing, and Explainable Artificial Intelligence in the Biomedical Domain25 Feb 2022
- 2022Visual Exploration of Machine Learning Model Behavior with Hierarchical Surrogate Rule Sets19 Jan 2022
- 2021Explainability Is in the Mind of the Beholder: Establishing the Foundations of Explainable Artificial Intelligence29 Dec 2021
- 2021Explainable Deep Learning in Healthcare: A Methodological Survey from an Attribution View5 Dec 2021
- 2021Counterfactual Explanations for Models of Code10 Nov 2021
- 2021A Survey on Methods and Metrics for the Assessment of Explainability under the Proposed AI Act21 Oct 2021
- 2021Human-Centered Explainable AI (XAI): From Algorithms to User Experiences20 Oct 2021
- 2021Label-Descriptive Patterns and Their Application to Characterizing Classification Errors18 Oct 2021
- 2021Tree-based local explanations of machine learning model predictions, AraucanaXAI15 Oct 2021
- 2021Trustworthy AI: From Principles to Practices4 Oct 2021
- 2021An Objective Metric for Explainable AI: How and Why to Estimate the Degree of Explainability11 Sep 2021
- 2021Explainable Reinforcement Learning for Broad-XAI: A Conceptual Framework and Survey20 Aug 2021
- 2021Harnessing value from data science in business: ensuring explainability and fairness of solutions10 Aug 2021
- 2021Levels of explainable artificial intelligence for human-aligned conversational explanations7 Jul 2021
- 2021A Review of Explainable Artificial Intelligence in Manufacturing5 Jul 2021
- 2021When and Why does a Model Fail? A Human-in-the-loop Error Detection Framework for Sentiment Analysis2 Jun 2021
50 newest of 54 All 54 (JSON)
- 2021Trustworthy AI: From Principles to Practicescited by 206
- 2021Human-Centered Explainable AI (XAI): From Algorithms to User Experiencescited by 123
- 2021Interpretable Deep Learning: Interpretation, Interpretability, Trustworthiness, and Beyondcited by 116
- 2021Have We Learned to Explain?: How Interpretability Methods Can Learn to Encode Predictions in their Interpretationscited by 59
- 2024Determinants of LLM-assisted Decision-Makingcited by 55
- 2021GLocalX -- From Local to Global Explanations of Black Box AI Modelscited by 48
- 2022The Road to Explainability is Paved with Bias: Measuring the Fairness of Explanationscited by 41
- 2021HYDRA: Hypergradient Data Relevance Analysis for Interpreting Deep Neural Networkscited by 38
- 2021Explainable Reinforcement Learning for Broad-XAI: A Conceptual Framework and Surveycited by 24
- 2021Counterfactual Explanations for Models of Codecited by 24
- 2023A Review on Explainable Artificial Intelligence for Healthcare: Why, How, and When?cited by 24
- 2021Levels of explainable artificial intelligence for human-aligned conversational explanationscited by 21
12 most cited of 52 All 52 (JSON)
- 2026Mixtures of Transparent Local Models15 Jan 2026
- 2025ConceptFlow: Hierarchical and Fine-grained Concept-Based Explanation for Convolutional Neural Networks16 Sep 2025
- 2025Prediction via Shapley Value Regression7 May 2025
- 2025Explainable post-training bias mitigation with distribution-based fairness metrics1 Apr 2025
- 2025Explaining the Unexplainable: A Systematic Review of Explainable AI in Finance7 Mar 2025
- 2024Explaining word embeddings with perfect fidelity: Case study in research impact prediction24 Sep 2024
- 2024Interpretable Graph Neural Networks for Heterogeneous Tabular Data14 Aug 2024
- 2024Evolutionary Computation and Explainable AI: A Roadmap to Understandable Intelligent Systems12 Jun 2024
- 2024Determinants of LLM-assisted Decision-Making27 Feb 2024
- 2024XAI-CF -- Examining the Role of Explainable Artificial Intelligence in Cyber Forensics4 Feb 2024
- 2023Interpretable and Explainable Machine Learning Methods for Predictive Process Monitoring: A Systematic Literature Review29 Dec 2023
- 2023On the Relationship Between Interpretability and Explainability in Machine Learning20 Nov 2023
12 newest of 52 All 52 (JSON)