Towards Large-Pose Face Frontalization in the Wild
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Abstract (arXiv)
Despite recent advances in face recognition using deep learning, severe accuracy drops are observed for large pose variations in unconstrained environments. Learning pose-invariant features is one solution, but needs expensively labeled large-scale data and carefully designed feature learning algorithms. In this work, we focus on frontalizing faces in the wild under various head poses, including extreme profile views. We propose a novel deep 3D Morphable Model (3DMM) conditioned Face Frontalization Generative Adversarial Network (GAN), termed as FF-GAN, to generate neutral head pose face images. Our framework differs from both traditional GANs and 3DMM based modeling. Incorporating 3DMM into the GAN structure provides shape and appearance priors for fast convergence with less training data, while also supporting end-to-end training. The 3DMM-conditioned GAN employs not only the discriminator and generator loss but also a new masked symmetry loss to retain visual quality under occlusions, besides an identity loss to recover high frequency information. Experiments on face recognition, landmark localization and 3D reconstruction consistently show the advantage of our frontalization method on faces in the wild datasets.
Key facts. Cited by 50 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 20 Apr 2017.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 19; 2022: 12; 2023: 11; 2024: 3; 2025: 5.
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- 2022TransFuser: Imitation with Transformer-Based Sensor Fusion for Autonomous Drivingcited by 485
- 2021SynFace: Face Recognition with Synthetic Datacited by 106
- 2021Reverse Engineering of Generative Models: Inferring Model Hyperparameters from Generated Imagescited by 58
- 2023GINA-3D: Learning to Generate Implicit Neural Assets in the Wildcited by 25
- 2021SOGAN: 3D-Aware Shadow and Occlusion Robust GAN for Makeup Transfercited by 22
- 2022Controllable and Guided Face Synthesis for Unconstrained Face Recognitioncited by 22
- 2023HiFace: High-Fidelity 3D Face Reconstruction by Learning Static and Dynamic Detailscited by 22
- 2021Joint Face Image Restoration and Frontalization for Recognitioncited by 18
- 2021Retrieve in Style: Unsupervised Facial Feature Transfer and Retrievalcited by 15
- 2021LARNet: Lie Algebra Residual Network for Face Recognitioncited by 14
- 2022Injecting 3D Perception of Controllable NeRF-GAN into StyleGAN for Editable Portrait Image Synthesiscited by 11
- 2021Egocentric Videoconferencingcited by 10
38 more
- 2022BareSkinNet: De-makeup and De-lighting via 3D Face Reconstructioncited by 10
- 2021HHP-Net: A light Heteroscedastic neural network for Head Pose estimation with uncertaintycited by 9
- 2023SynthDistill: Face Recognition with Knowledge Distillation from Synthetic Datacited by 9
- 2021Unsupervised Disentanglement of Linear-Encoded Facial Semanticscited by 7
- 2021PoseFace: Pose-Invariant Features and Pose-Adaptive Loss for Face Recognitioncited by 7
- 2023RPG-Palm: Realistic Pseudo-data Generation for Palmprint Recognitioncited by 7
- 20233D Face Reconstruction: the Road to Forensicscited by 7
- 2023DisCO: Portrait Distortion Correction with Perspective-Aware 3D GANscited by 6
- 2021Heterogeneous Face Frontalization via Domain Agnostic Learningcited by 4
- 2022Expression-preserving face frontalization improves visually assisted speech processingcited by 4
- 2021PAM: Pose Attention Module for Pose-Invariant Face Recognitioncited by 3
- 2022Information Maximization for Extreme Pose Face Recognitioncited by 3
- 2022Pose Attention-Guided Profile-to-Frontal Face Recognitioncited by 3
- 2023ProS: Facial Omni-Representation Learning via Prototype-based Self-Distillationcited by 3
- 20232D Image head pose estimation via latent space regression under occlusion settingscited by 3
- 2023EyePreserve: Identity-Preserving Iris Synthesiscited by 3
- 2024CATFace: Cross-Attribute-Guided Transformer with Self-Attention Distillation for Low-Quality Face Recognitioncited by 3
- 2025UIFace: Unleashing Inherent Model Capabilities to Enhance Intra-Class Diversity in Synthetic Face Recognitioncited by 3
- 2021A 3D model-based approach for fitting masks to faces in the wildcited by 2
- 2022Rayleigh EigenDirections (REDs): GAN latent space traversals for multidimensional featurescited by 2
- 2022Learning Domain and Pose Invariance for Thermal-to-Visible Face Recognitioncited by 2
- 2025High-Quality Facial Albedo Generation for 3D Face Reconstruction from a Single Image using a Coarse-to-Fine Approachcited by 2
- 2021Fast and Reliable Probabilistic Face Embeddings in the Wildcited by 1
- 2022Semantic-aware One-shot Face Re-enactment with Dense Correspondence Estimationcited by 1
- 2023Inclusive normalization of face images to passport formatcited by 1
- 2021Pixel Sampling for Style Preserving Face Pose Editingcited by 0
- 2021Profile to Frontal Face Recognition in the Wild Using Coupled Conditional GANcited by 0
- 2021How Self-Supervised Learning Can be Used for Fine-Grained Head Pose Estimation?cited by 0
- 2021Exploring Biases and Prejudice of Facial Synthesis via Semantic Latent Spacecited by 0
- 2021Delta-GAN-Encoder: Encoding Semantic Changes for Explicit Image Editing, using Few Synthetic Samplescited by 0
- 2022Semi-Supervised Image-to-Image Translation using Latent Space Mappingcited by 0
- 2022Video2StyleGAN: Encoding Video in Latent Space for Manipulationcited by 0
- 2023Illumination and Shadows in Head Rotation: experiments with Denoising Diffusion Modelscited by 0
- 2024Latent Embedding Clustering for Occlusion Robust Head Pose Estimationcited by 0
- 2024eMotion-GAN: A Motion-based GAN for Photorealistic and Facial Expression Preserving Frontal View Synthesiscited by 0
- 2025Pose-invariant face recognition via feature-space pose frontalizationcited by 0
- 2025Towards Large-Scale Pose-Invariant Face Recognition Using Face Defrontalizationcited by 0
- 2025Does Head Pose Correction Improve Biometric Facial Recognition?cited by 0
- 2025Does Head Pose Correction Improve Biometric Facial Recognition?2 Dec 2025
- 2025High-Quality Facial Albedo Generation for 3D Face Reconstruction from a Single Image using a Coarse-to-Fine Approach16 Jun 2025
- 2025Towards Large-Scale Pose-Invariant Face Recognition Using Face Defrontalization4 Jun 2025
- 2025Pose-invariant face recognition via feature-space pose frontalization22 May 2025
- 2025UIFace: Unleashing Inherent Model Capabilities to Enhance Intra-Class Diversity in Synthetic Face Recognition27 Feb 2025
- 2024eMotion-GAN: A Motion-based GAN for Photorealistic and Facial Expression Preserving Frontal View Synthesis15 Apr 2024
- 2024Latent Embedding Clustering for Occlusion Robust Head Pose Estimation29 Mar 2024
- 2024CATFace: Cross-Attribute-Guided Transformer with Self-Attention Distillation for Low-Quality Face Recognition5 Jan 2024
- 2023Inclusive normalization of face images to passport format22 Dec 2023
- 2023EyePreserve: Identity-Preserving Iris Synthesis19 Dec 2023
- 20232D Image head pose estimation via latent space regression under occlusion settings10 Nov 2023
- 2023ProS: Facial Omni-Representation Learning via Prototype-based Self-Distillation3 Nov 2023
38 more
- 20233D Face Reconstruction: the Road to Forensics20 Sep 2023
- 2023SynthDistill: Face Recognition with Knowledge Distillation from Synthetic Data28 Aug 2023
- 2023Illumination and Shadows in Head Rotation: experiments with Denoising Diffusion Models11 Aug 2023
- 2023RPG-Palm: Realistic Pseudo-data Generation for Palmprint Recognition26 Jul 2023
- 2023GINA-3D: Learning to Generate Implicit Neural Assets in the Wild4 Apr 2023
- 2023HiFace: High-Fidelity 3D Face Reconstruction by Learning Static and Dynamic Details20 Mar 2023
- 2023DisCO: Portrait Distortion Correction with Perspective-Aware 3D GANs23 Feb 2023
- 2022Semantic-aware One-shot Face Re-enactment with Dense Correspondence Estimation23 Nov 2022
- 2022Learning Domain and Pose Invariance for Thermal-to-Visible Face Recognition17 Nov 2022
- 2022BareSkinNet: De-makeup and De-lighting via 3D Face Reconstruction19 Sep 2022
- 2022Pose Attention-Guided Profile-to-Frontal Face Recognition15 Sep 2022
- 2022Information Maximization for Extreme Pose Face Recognition7 Sep 2022
- 2022Injecting 3D Perception of Controllable NeRF-GAN into StyleGAN for Editable Portrait Image Synthesis21 Jul 2022
- 2022Controllable and Guided Face Synthesis for Unconstrained Face Recognition20 Jul 2022
- 2022Video2StyleGAN: Encoding Video in Latent Space for Manipulation27 Jun 2022
- 2022TransFuser: Imitation with Transformer-Based Sensor Fusion for Autonomous Driving31 May 2022
- 2022Expression-preserving face frontalization improves visually assisted speech processing6 Apr 2022
- 2022Semi-Supervised Image-to-Image Translation using Latent Space Mapping29 Mar 2022
- 2022Rayleigh EigenDirections (REDs): GAN latent space traversals for multidimensional features25 Jan 2022
- 2021PAM: Pose Attention Module for Pose-Invariant Face Recognition23 Nov 2021
- 2021Delta-GAN-Encoder: Encoding Semantic Changes for Explicit Image Editing, using Few Synthetic Samples16 Nov 2021
- 2021HHP-Net: A light Heteroscedastic neural network for Head Pose estimation with uncertainty2 Nov 2021
- 2021Exploring Biases and Prejudice of Facial Synthesis via Semantic Latent Space23 Aug 2021
- 2021SynFace: Face Recognition with Synthetic Data18 Aug 2021
- 2021How Self-Supervised Learning Can be Used for Fine-Grained Head Pose Estimation?10 Aug 2021
- 2021Profile to Frontal Face Recognition in the Wild Using Coupled Conditional GAN29 Jul 2021
- 2021PoseFace: Pose-Invariant Features and Pose-Adaptive Loss for Face Recognition25 Jul 2021
- 2021Heterogeneous Face Frontalization via Domain Agnostic Learning17 Jul 2021
- 2021Retrieve in Style: Unsupervised Facial Feature Transfer and Retrieval13 Jul 2021
- 2021Egocentric Videoconferencing7 Jul 2021
- 2021Reverse Engineering of Generative Models: Inferring Model Hyperparameters from Generated Images15 Jun 2021
- 2021Pixel Sampling for Style Preserving Face Pose Editing14 Jun 2021
- 2021Joint Face Image Restoration and Frontalization for Recognition12 May 2021
- 2021SOGAN: 3D-Aware Shadow and Occlusion Robust GAN for Makeup Transfer21 Apr 2021
- 2021Unsupervised Disentanglement of Linear-Encoded Facial Semantics30 Mar 2021
- 2021LARNet: Lie Algebra Residual Network for Face Recognition15 Mar 2021
- 2021A 3D model-based approach for fitting masks to faces in the wild1 Mar 2021
- 2021Fast and Reliable Probabilistic Face Embeddings in the Wild8 Feb 2021
- 2021SynFace: Face Recognition with Synthetic Datacited by 106
- 2021Reverse Engineering of Generative Models: Inferring Model Hyperparameters from Generated Imagescited by 58
- 2023GINA-3D: Learning to Generate Implicit Neural Assets in the Wildcited by 25
- 2021SOGAN: 3D-Aware Shadow and Occlusion Robust GAN for Makeup Transfercited by 22
- 2022Controllable and Guided Face Synthesis for Unconstrained Face Recognitioncited by 22
- 2023HiFace: High-Fidelity 3D Face Reconstruction by Learning Static and Dynamic Detailscited by 22
- 2021Joint Face Image Restoration and Frontalization for Recognitioncited by 18
- 2021Retrieve in Style: Unsupervised Facial Feature Transfer and Retrievalcited by 15
- 2021LARNet: Lie Algebra Residual Network for Face Recognitioncited by 14
- 2022Injecting 3D Perception of Controllable NeRF-GAN into StyleGAN for Editable Portrait Image Synthesiscited by 11
- 2021Egocentric Videoconferencingcited by 10
- 2022BareSkinNet: De-makeup and De-lighting via 3D Face Reconstructioncited by 10
12 most cited of 46 All 46 (JSON)
- 2025Does Head Pose Correction Improve Biometric Facial Recognition?2 Dec 2025
- 2025High-Quality Facial Albedo Generation for 3D Face Reconstruction from a Single Image using a Coarse-to-Fine Approach16 Jun 2025
- 2025Towards Large-Scale Pose-Invariant Face Recognition Using Face Defrontalization4 Jun 2025
- 2025Pose-invariant face recognition via feature-space pose frontalization22 May 2025
- 2025UIFace: Unleashing Inherent Model Capabilities to Enhance Intra-Class Diversity in Synthetic Face Recognition27 Feb 2025
- 2024eMotion-GAN: A Motion-based GAN for Photorealistic and Facial Expression Preserving Frontal View Synthesis15 Apr 2024
- 2024Latent Embedding Clustering for Occlusion Robust Head Pose Estimation29 Mar 2024
- 2024CATFace: Cross-Attribute-Guided Transformer with Self-Attention Distillation for Low-Quality Face Recognition5 Jan 2024
- 2023Inclusive normalization of face images to passport format22 Dec 2023
- 2023EyePreserve: Identity-Preserving Iris Synthesis19 Dec 2023
- 20232D Image head pose estimation via latent space regression under occlusion settings10 Nov 2023
- 20233D Face Reconstruction: the Road to Forensics20 Sep 2023
12 newest of 46 All 46 (JSON)