ActiVis: Visual Exploration of Industry-Scale Deep Neural Network Models
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Abstract (arXiv)
While deep learning models have achieved state-of-the-art accuracies for many prediction tasks, understanding these models remains a challenge. Despite the recent interest in developing visual tools to help users interpret deep learning models, the complexity and wide variety of models deployed in industry, and the large-scale datasets that they used, pose unique design challenges that are inadequately addressed by existing work. Through participatory design sessions with over 15 researchers and engineers at Facebook, we have developed, deployed, and iteratively improved ActiVis, an interactive visualization system for interpreting large-scale deep learning models and results. By tightly integrating multiple coordinated views, such as a computation graph overview of the model architecture, and a neuron activation view for pattern discovery and comparison, users can explore complex deep neural network models at both the instance- and subset-level. ActiVis has been deployed on Facebook's machine learning platform. We present case studies with Facebook researchers and engineers, and usage scenarios of how ActiVis may work with different models.
Key facts. Cited by 56 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 6 Apr 2017.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 13; 2022: 13; 2023: 11; 2024: 6; 2025: 8; 2026: 5.
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- 2021Exploiting Explanations for Model Inversion Attackscited by 48
- 2021M2Lens: Visualizing and Explaining Multimodal Models for Sentiment Analysiscited by 29
- 2021Shared Interest: Measuring Human-AI Alignment to Identify Recurring Patterns in Model Behaviorcited by 29
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- 2021Sibyl: Understanding and Addressing the Usability Challenges of Machine Learning In High-Stakes Decision Makingcited by 19
- 2022Symphony: Composing Interactive Interfaces for Machine Learningcited by 18
- 2021Neo: Generalizing Confusion Matrix Visualization to Hierarchical and Multi-Output Labelscited by 17
- 2023Diffusion Explainer: Visual Explanation for Text-to-image Stable Diffusioncited by 17
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- 2021T3-Vis: a visual analytic framework for Training and fine-Tuning Transformers in NLPcited by 11
- 2022Learning-From-Disagreement: A Model Comparison and Visual Analytics Frameworkcited by 9
- 2023GAM Coach: Towards Interactive and User-centered Algorithmic Recoursecited by 9
- 2023CLAMS: A Cluster Ambiguity Measure for Estimating Perceptual Variability in Visual Clusteringcited by 8
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- 2022A Visual Analytics System for Improving Attention-based Traffic Forecasting Modelscited by 6
- 2023DeepSeer: Interactive RNN Explanation and Debugging via State Abstractioncited by 6
- 2025Stop Misusing t-SNE and UMAP for Visual Analyticscited by 6
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- 2024Compress and Compare: Interactively Evaluating Efficiency and Behavior Across ML Model Compression Experimentscited by 4
- 2025Unlearning Comparator: A Visual Analytics System for Comparative Evaluation of Machine Unlearning Methodscited by 4
- 2022Visual Analysis of Neural Architecture Spaces for Summarizing Design Principlescited by 3
- 2023Singular Value Representation: A New Graph Perspective On Neural Networkscited by 3
- 2023Designing a Direct Feedback Loop between Humans and Convolutional Neural Networks through Local Explanationscited by 3
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- 2023Panda or not Panda? Understanding Adversarial Attacks with Interactive Visualizationcited by 2
- 2023k* Distribution: Evaluating the Latent Space of Deep Neural Networks using Local Neighborhood Analysiscited by 2
- 2026RAGExplorer: A Visual Analytics System for the Comparative Diagnosis of RAG Systemscited by 2
- 2023Evaluating Machine Learning Models with NERO: Non-Equivariance Revealed on Orbitscited by 1
- 2025ChannelExplorer: Exploring Class Separability Through Activation Channel Visualizationcited by 1
- 2025UMATO: Bridging Local and Global Structures for Reliable Visual Analytics with Dimensionality Reductioncited by 1
- 2025HOLE: Homological Observation of Latent Embeddings for Neural Network Interpretabilitycited by 1
- 2026KEditVis: A Visual Analytics System for Knowledge Editing of Large Language Modelscited by 1
- 2026NeuroViz: Real-time Interactive Visualization of Forward and Backward Passes in Neural Network Trainingcited by 1
- 2021Model-agnostic interpretation by visualization of feature perturbationscited by 0
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- 2021On the Evolution of Neuron Communities in a Deep Learning Architecturecited by 0
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- 2024Understanding Deep Learning defenses Against Adversarial Examples Through Visualizations for Dynamic Risk Assessmentcited by 0
50 most cited of 56 All 56 (JSON)
- 2026Spatial Action Review: A Visual Analytics Dashboard for Auditing Language-to-Action Hand-offs in Electron Microscopy21 Sep 2026
- 2026SketchXplain: Intuitive Visual Explanations of Image Classifiers with Sketches16 Jun 2026
- 2026NeuroViz: Real-time Interactive Visualization of Forward and Backward Passes in Neural Network Training3 May 2026
- 2026KEditVis: A Visual Analytics System for Knowledge Editing of Large Language Models31 Mar 2026
- 2026RAGExplorer: A Visual Analytics System for the Comparative Diagnosis of RAG Systems19 Jan 2026
- 2025Towards Explainable Quantum AI: Informing the Encoder Selection of Quantum Neural Networks via Visualization16 Dec 2025
- 2025HOLE: Homological Observation of Latent Embeddings for Neural Network Interpretability8 Dec 2025
- 2025UMATO: Bridging Local and Global Structures for Reliable Visual Analytics with Dimensionality Reduction22 Aug 2025
- 2025Unlearning Comparator: A Visual Analytics System for Comparative Evaluation of Machine Unlearning Methods18 Aug 2025
- 2025Stop Misusing t-SNE and UMAP for Visual Analytics10 Jun 2025
- 2025What Do People Want to Know About Artificial Intelligence (AI)? The Importance of Answering End-User Questions to Explain Autonomous Vehicle (AV) Decisions9 May 2025
- 2025ChannelExplorer: Exploring Class Separability Through Activation Channel Visualization6 May 2025
38 more
- 2025RAG Without the Lag: Interactive Debugging for Retrieval-Augmented Generation Pipelines18 Apr 2025
- 2024TA3: Testing Against Adversarial Attacks on Machine Learning Models6 Oct 2024
- 2024Designing an Interpretable Interface for Contextual Bandits23 Sep 2024
- 2024Compress and Compare: Interactively Evaluating Efficiency and Behavior Across ML Model Compression Experiments6 Aug 2024
- 2024Allowing humans to interactively guide machines where to look does not always improve human-AI team's classification accuracy8 Apr 2024
- 2024LLM Comparator: Visual Analytics for Side-by-Side Evaluation of Large Language Models16 Feb 2024
- 2024Understanding Deep Learning defenses Against Adversarial Examples Through Visualizations for Dynamic Risk Assessment12 Feb 2024
- 2023k* Distribution: Evaluating the Latent Space of Deep Neural Networks using Local Neighborhood Analysis7 Dec 2023
- 2023Panda or not Panda? Understanding Adversarial Attacks with Interactive Visualization22 Nov 2023
- 2023ProtoExplorer: Interpretable Forensic Analysis of Deepfake Videos using Prototype Exploration and Refinement20 Sep 2023
- 2023CLAMS: A Cluster Ambiguity Measure for Estimating Perceptual Variability in Visual Clustering1 Aug 2023
- 2023Visual Analytics For Machine Learning: A Data Perspective Survey15 Jul 2023
- 2023Designing a Direct Feedback Loop between Humans and Convolutional Neural Networks through Local Explanations8 Jul 2023
- 2023Evaluating Machine Learning Models with NERO: Non-Equivariance Revealed on Orbits31 May 2023
- 2023Diffusion Explainer: Visual Explanation for Text-to-image Stable Diffusion4 May 2023
- 2023DeepSeer: Interactive RNN Explanation and Debugging via State Abstraction2 Mar 2023
- 2023GAM Coach: Towards Interactive and User-centered Algorithmic Recourse27 Feb 2023
- 2023Singular Value Representation: A New Graph Perspective On Neural Networks16 Feb 2023
- 2022The State of the Art in Enhancing Trust in Machine Learning Models with the Use of Visualizations22 Dec 2022
- 2022Towards Efficient Visual Simplification of Computational Graphs in Deep Neural Networks21 Dec 2022
- 2022Visual Analysis of Neural Architecture Spaces for Summarizing Design Principles20 Aug 2022
- 2022A Visual Analytics System for Improving Attention-based Traffic Forecasting Models8 Aug 2022
- 2022Calibrate: Interactive Analysis of Probabilistic Model Output27 Jul 2022
- 2022Neural Activation Patterns (NAPs): Visual Explainability of Learned Concepts20 Jun 2022
- 2022Diagnosing Ensemble Few-Shot Classifiers9 Jun 2022
- 2022DendroMap: Visual Exploration of Large-Scale Image Datasets for Machine Learning with Treemaps14 May 2022
- 2022Visualizing and Explaining Language Models30 Apr 2022
- 2022Symphony: Composing Interactive Interfaces for Machine Learning18 Feb 2022
- 2022Aligning Eyes between Humans and Deep Neural Network through Interactive Attention Alignment6 Feb 2022
- 2022Debiased-CAM to mitigate systematic error with faithful visual explanations of machine learning30 Jan 2022
- 2022Learning-From-Disagreement: A Model Comparison and Visual Analytics Framework19 Jan 2022
- 2021Neo: Generalizing Confusion Matrix Visualization to Hierarchical and Multi-Output Labels24 Oct 2021
- 2021T3-Vis: a visual analytic framework for Training and fine-Tuning Transformers in NLP31 Aug 2021
- 2021Shared Interest: Measuring Human-AI Alignment to Identify Recurring Patterns in Model Behavior20 Jul 2021
- 2021M2Lens: Visualizing and Explaining Multimodal Models for Sentiment Analysis17 Jul 2021
- 2021Taxonomy of Machine Learning Safety: A Survey and Primer9 Jun 2021
- 2021On the Evolution of Neuron Communities in a Deep Learning Architecture8 Jun 2021
- 2021Exploiting Explanations for Model Inversion Attacks26 Apr 2021
50 newest of 56 All 56 (JSON)
- 2021Exploiting Explanations for Model Inversion Attackscited by 48
- 2021M2Lens: Visualizing and Explaining Multimodal Models for Sentiment Analysiscited by 29
- 2021Shared Interest: Measuring Human-AI Alignment to Identify Recurring Patterns in Model Behaviorcited by 29
- 2022The State of the Art in Enhancing Trust in Machine Learning Models with the Use of Visualizationscited by 29
- 2024LLM Comparator: Visual Analytics for Side-by-Side Evaluation of Large Language Modelscited by 29
- 2022Aligning Eyes between Humans and Deep Neural Network through Interactive Attention Alignmentcited by 27
- 2023Visual Analytics For Machine Learning: A Data Perspective Surveycited by 25
- 2021Taxonomy of Machine Learning Safety: A Survey and Primercited by 22
- 2021Sibyl: Understanding and Addressing the Usability Challenges of Machine Learning In High-Stakes Decision Makingcited by 19
- 2022Symphony: Composing Interactive Interfaces for Machine Learningcited by 18
- 2021Neo: Generalizing Confusion Matrix Visualization to Hierarchical and Multi-Output Labelscited by 17
- 2022Diagnosing Ensemble Few-Shot Classifierscited by 13
12 most cited of 50 All 50 (JSON)
- 2026SketchXplain: Intuitive Visual Explanations of Image Classifiers with Sketches16 Jun 2026
- 2026NeuroViz: Real-time Interactive Visualization of Forward and Backward Passes in Neural Network Training3 May 2026
- 2026KEditVis: A Visual Analytics System for Knowledge Editing of Large Language Models31 Mar 2026
- 2025Towards Explainable Quantum AI: Informing the Encoder Selection of Quantum Neural Networks via Visualization16 Dec 2025
- 2025HOLE: Homological Observation of Latent Embeddings for Neural Network Interpretability8 Dec 2025
- 2025UMATO: Bridging Local and Global Structures for Reliable Visual Analytics with Dimensionality Reduction22 Aug 2025
- 2025Stop Misusing t-SNE and UMAP for Visual Analytics10 Jun 2025
- 2025What Do People Want to Know About Artificial Intelligence (AI)? The Importance of Answering End-User Questions to Explain Autonomous Vehicle (AV) Decisions9 May 2025
- 2024TA3: Testing Against Adversarial Attacks on Machine Learning Models6 Oct 2024
- 2024Designing an Interpretable Interface for Contextual Bandits23 Sep 2024
- 2024Compress and Compare: Interactively Evaluating Efficiency and Behavior Across ML Model Compression Experiments6 Aug 2024
- 2024Allowing humans to interactively guide machines where to look does not always improve human-AI team's classification accuracy8 Apr 2024
12 newest of 50 All 50 (JSON)