BB8: A Scalable, Accurate, Robust to Partial Occlusion Method for Predicting the 3D Poses of Challenging Objects without Using Depth
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Abstract (arXiv)
We introduce a novel method for 3D object detection and pose estimation from color images only. We first use segmentation to detect the objects of interest in 2D even in presence of partial occlusions and cluttered background. By contrast with recent patch-based methods, we rely on a "holistic" approach: We apply to the detected objects a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) trained to predict their 3D poses in the form of 2D projections of the corners of their 3D bounding boxes. This, however, is not sufficient for handling objects from the recent T-LESS dataset: These objects exhibit an axis of rotational symmetry, and the similarity of two images of such an object under two different poses makes training the CNN challenging. We solve this problem by restricting the range of poses used for training, and by introducing a classifier to identify the range of a pose at run-time before estimating it. We also use an optional additional step that refines the predicted poses. We improve the state-of-the-art on the LINEMOD dataset from 73.7% to 89.3% of correctly registered RGB frames. We are also the first to report results on the Occlusion dataset using color images only. We obtain 54% of frames passing the Pose 6D criterion on average on several sequences of the T-LESS dataset, compared to the 67% of the state-of-the-art on the same sequences which uses both color and depth. The full approach is also scalable, as a single network can be trained for multiple objects simultaneously.
Key facts. Cited by 225 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 31 Mar 2017.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 46; 2022: 72; 2023: 43; 2024: 28; 2025: 26; 2026: 10.
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- 2021Accuracy on the Line: On the Strong Correlation Between Out-of-Distribution and In-Distribution Generalizationcited by 248
- 2022MegaPose: 6D Pose Estimation of Novel Objects via Render & Comparecited by 198
- 2021DexMV: Imitation Learning for Dexterous Manipulation from Human Videoscited by 194
- 2021GDRNPP: A Geometry-guided and Fully Learning-based Object Pose Estimatorcited by 148
- 2021Semi-Supervised 3D Hand-Object Poses Estimation with Interactions in Timecited by 140
- 2021FS-Net: Fast Shape-based Network for Category-Level 6D Object Pose Estimation with Decoupled Rotation Mechanismcited by 121
- 2022Gen6D: Generalizable Model-Free 6-DoF Object Pose Estimation from RGB Imagescited by 120
- 2024Track2Act: Predicting Point Tracks from Internet Videos enables Generalizable Robot Manipulationcited by 116
- 2022ZebraPose: Coarse to Fine Surface Encoding for 6DoF Object Pose Estimationcited by 115
- 2023GigaPose: Fast and Robust Novel Object Pose Estimation via One Correspondencecited by 113
- 2021SurfEmb: Dense and Continuous Correspondence Distributions for Object Pose Estimation with Learnt Surface Embeddingscited by 95
- 2021SO-Pose: Exploiting Self-Occlusion for Direct 6D Pose Estimationcited by 88
38 more
- 20226-DoF Pose Estimation of Household Objects for Robotic Manipulation: An Accessible Dataset and Benchmarkcited by 85
- 2021CAPTRA: CAtegory-level Pose Tracking for Rigid and Articulated Objects from Point Cloudscited by 83
- 2023EPro-PnP: Generalized End-to-End Probabilistic Perspective-n-Points for Monocular Object Pose Estimationcited by 79
- 2022ShAPO: Implicit Representations for Multi-Object Shape, Appearance, and Pose Optimizationcited by 70
- 2023BOP Challenge 2022 on Detection, Segmentation and Pose Estimation of Specific Rigid Objectscited by 70
- 2021Category-Level 6D Object Pose Estimation via Cascaded Relation and Recurrent Reconstruction Networkscited by 69
- 2022CenterSnap: Single-Shot Multi-Object 3D Shape Reconstruction and Categorical 6D Pose and Size Estimationcited by 69
- 2021Deep Regression on Manifolds: A 3D Rotation Case Studycited by 67
- 2021RePOSE: Fast 6D Object Pose Refinement via Deep Texture Renderingcited by 63
- 2022NeRF-Pose: A First-Reconstruct-Then-Regress Approach for Weakly-supervised 6D Object Pose Estimationcited by 57
- 2022Templates for 3D Object Pose Estimation Revisited: Generalization to New Objects and Robustness to Occlusionscited by 54
- 2021SAR-Net: Shape Alignment and Recovery Network for Category-level 6D Object Pose and Size Estimationcited by 53
- 2023Towards Generalizable Zero-Shot Manipulation via Translating Human Interaction Planscited by 51
- 2023Zero-Shot Robot Manipulation from Passive Human Videoscited by 49
- 2022Coupled Iterative Refinement for 6D Multi-Object Pose Estimationcited by 48
- 2023HS-Pose: Hybrid Scope Feature Extraction for Category-level Object Pose Estimationcited by 47
- 2021Wide-Depth-Range 6D Object Pose Estimation in Spacecited by 45
- 2022OVE6D: Object Viewpoint Encoding for Depth-based 6D Object Pose Estimationcited by 43
- 2021Single-Stage Keypoint-Based Category-Level Object Pose Estimation from an RGB Imagecited by 42
- 2021Category-Level Metric Scale Object Shape and Pose Estimationcited by 40
- 2024Deep Learning-Based Object Pose Estimation: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 39
- 2022RNNPose: Recurrent 6-DoF Object Pose Refinement with Robust Correspondence Field Estimation and Pose Optimizationcited by 38
- 2023NOPE: Novel Object Pose Estimation from a Single Imagecited by 38
- 2022Occlusion-Aware Self-Supervised Monocular 6D Object Pose Estimationcited by 34
- 2021Single-view robot pose and joint angle estimation via render & comparecited by 33
- 2023Object Pose Estimation with Statistical Guarantees: Conformal Keypoint Detection and Geometric Uncertainty Propagationcited by 33
- 2022Perspective Flow Aggregation for Data-Limited 6D Object Pose Estimationcited by 32
- 2022DPODv2: Dense Correspondence-Based 6 DoF Pose Estimationcited by 32
- 2023SE(3) Diffusion Model-based Point Cloud Registration for Robust 6D Object Pose Estimationcited by 32
- 2021Deep Learning on Monocular Object Pose Detection and Tracking: A Comprehensive Overviewcited by 31
- 2021Vote from the Center: 6 DoF Pose Estimation in RGB-D Images by Radial Keypoint Votingcited by 25
- 20236D-Diff: A Keypoint Diffusion Framework for 6D Object Pose Estimationcited by 24
- 2021ReAgent: Point Cloud Registration using Imitation and Reinforcement Learningcited by 23
- 2022TexPose: Neural Texture Learning for Self-Supervised 6D Object Pose Estimationcited by 23
- 2023IKEA-Manual: Seeing Shape Assembly Step by Stepcited by 22
- 2024OmniNOCS: A unified NOCS dataset and model for 3D lifting of 2D objectscited by 22
- 2022Neural Correspondence Field for Object Pose Estimationcited by 21
- 2023Challenges for Monocular 6D Object Pose Estimation in Roboticscited by 21
50 most cited of 225 All 225 (JSON)
- 2026TinyDETR-Pose: Towards End-to-End Real-Time Single-Stage 6DoF Object Pose Estimation with Lightweight Transformers15 Aug 2026
- 2026Detecting Pose Estimation Failures via Keypoint Self-Consistency4 Aug 2026
- 2026Robust PnP on a Neuromorphic Processor for Object Pose Estimation18 Jul 2026
- 2026Rotational Symmetry based Object Pose Estimation from Point Clouds in the Absence of Known 3D Models15 Jun 2026
- 2026ComPose: When to Trust Hands for Object Pose Tracking22 May 2026
- 2026Towards Symmetry-sensitive Pose Estimation: A Rotation Representation for Symmetric Object Classes20 Apr 2026
- 2026HACMatch Semi-Supervised Rotation Regression with Hardness-Aware Curriculum Pseudo Labeling23 Mar 2026
- 2026Cov2Pose: Leveraging Spatial Covariance for Direct Manifold-aware 6-DoF Object Pose Estimation20 Mar 2026
- 2026Yolo-Key-6D: Single Stage Monocular 6D Pose Estimation with Keypoint Enhancements4 Mar 2026
- 2026MixRI: Mixing Features of Reference Images for Novel Object Pose Estimation11 Jan 2026
- 2025PoseGAM: Robust Unseen Object Pose Estimation via Geometry-Aware Multi-View Reasoning11 Dec 2025
- 2025THE-Pose: Topological Prior with Hybrid Graph Fusion for Estimating Category-Level 6D Object Pose11 Dec 2025
38 more
- 2025WALDO: Where Unseen Model-based 6D Pose Estimation Meets Occlusion19 Nov 2025
- 2025OPFormer: Object Pose Estimation leveraging foundation model with geometric encoding16 Nov 2025
- 2025GS2POSE: Marry Gaussian Splatting to 6D Object Pose Estimation19 Oct 2025
- 2025HccePose(BF): Predicting Front & Back Surfaces to Construct Ultra-Dense 2D-3D Correspondences for Pose Estimation11 Oct 2025
- 2025Active Control Points-based 6DoF Pose Tracking for Industrial Metal Objects2 Jul 2025
- 2025Deterministic Object Pose Confidence Region Estimation28 Jun 2025
- 2025Consensus-Driven Uncertainty for Robotic Grasping based on RGB Perception24 Jun 2025
- 2025RGBTrack: Fast, Robust Depth-Free 6D Pose Estimation and Tracking20 Jun 2025
- 2025JENGA: Object selection and pose estimation for robotic grasping from a stack16 Jun 2025
- 2025CHIP: A multi-sensor dataset for 6D pose estimation of chairs in industrial settings11 Jun 2025
- 2025GoTrack: Generic 6DoF Object Pose Refinement and Tracking8 Jun 2025
- 2025GTR: Gaussian Splatting Tracking and Reconstruction of Unknown Objects Based on Appearance and Geometric Complexity17 May 2025
- 2025RefPose: Leveraging Reference Geometric Correspondences for Accurate 6D Pose Estimation of Unseen Objects16 May 2025
- 2025Corr2Distrib: Making Ambiguous Correspondences an Ally to Predict Reliable 6D Pose Distributions5 May 2025
- 2025SCFlow2: Plug-and-Play Object Pose Refiner with Shape-Constraint Scene Flow12 Apr 2025
- 2025BoxDreamer: Dreaming Box Corners for Generalizable Object Pose Estimation10 Apr 2025
- 2025DLTPose: 6DoF Pose Estimation From Accurate Dense Surface Point Estimates9 Apr 2025
- 2025Structure-Aware Correspondence Learning for Relative Pose Estimation24 Mar 2025
- 2025Co-op: Correspondence-based Novel Object Pose Estimation22 Mar 2025
- 2025GIVEPose: Gradual Intra-class Variation Elimination for RGB-based Category-Level Object Pose Estimation19 Mar 2025
- 2025AxisPose: Model-Free Matching-Free Single-Shot 6D Object Pose Estimation via Axis Generation9 Mar 2025
- 2025Active 6D Pose Estimation for Textureless Objects using Multi-View RGB Frames5 Mar 2025
- 2025FunHOI: Annotation-Free 3D Hand-Object Interaction Generation via Functional Text Guidance28 Feb 2025
- 2025Enhancing Transparent Object Pose Estimation: A Fusion of GDR-Net and Edge Detection17 Feb 2025
- 20246DOPE-GS: Online 6D Object Pose Estimation using Gaussian Splatting2 Dec 2024
- 2024Manual-PA: Learning 3D Part Assembly from Instruction Diagrams27 Nov 2024
- 2024Object Pose Estimation Using Implicit Representation For Transparent Objects17 Oct 2024
- 2024CVAM-Pose: Conditional Variational Autoencoder for Multi-Object Monocular Pose Estimation11 Oct 2024
- 2024RayEmb: Arbitrary Landmark Detection in X-Ray Images Using Ray Embedding Subspace10 Oct 2024
- 2024Omni6D: Large-Vocabulary 3D Object Dataset for Category-Level 6D Object Pose Estimation26 Sep 2024
- 2024FAFA: Frequency-Aware Flow-Aided Self-Supervision for Underwater Object Pose Estimation25 Sep 2024
- 2024End-to-End Probabilistic Geometry-Guided Regression for 6DoF Object Pose Estimation18 Sep 2024
- 2024Comparative Evaluation of 3D Reconstruction Methods for Object Pose Estimation15 Aug 2024
- 2024Certifying Robustness of Learning-Based Keypoint Detection and Pose Estimation Methods31 Jul 2024
- 2024NeuSurfEmb: A Complete Pipeline for Dense Correspondence-based 6D Object Pose Estimation without CAD Models16 Jul 2024
- 2024OmniNOCS: A unified NOCS dataset and model for 3D lifting of 2D objects11 Jul 2024
- 2024Towards Human-Level 3D Relative Pose Estimation: Generalizable, Training-Free, with Single Reference26 Jun 2024
- 2024From Variance to Veracity: Unbundling and Mitigating Gradient Variance in Differentiable Bundle Adjustment Layers12 Jun 2024
50 newest of 225 All 225 (JSON)
- 2023SE(3) Diffusion Model-based Point Cloud Registration for Robust 6D Object Pose Estimationcited by 32
- 2022DALL-E for Detection: Language-driven Compositional Image Synthesis for Object Detectioncited by 17
- 2024Object Pose Estimation via the Aggregation of Diffusion Featurescited by 12
- 2023Beyond Generation: Harnessing Text to Image Models for Object Detection and Segmentationcited by 10
- 2024Improving 2D-3D Dense Correspondences with Diffusion Models for 6D Object Pose Estimationcited by 2
- 2025AxisPose: Model-Free Matching-Free Single-Shot 6D Object Pose Estimation via Axis Generationcited by 0
- 2025AxisPose: Model-Free Matching-Free Single-Shot 6D Object Pose Estimation via Axis Generation9 Mar 2025
- 2024Object Pose Estimation via the Aggregation of Diffusion Features27 Mar 2024
- 2024Improving 2D-3D Dense Correspondences with Diffusion Models for 6D Object Pose Estimation9 Feb 2024
- 2023SE(3) Diffusion Model-based Point Cloud Registration for Robust 6D Object Pose Estimation26 Oct 2023
- 2023Beyond Generation: Harnessing Text to Image Models for Object Detection and Segmentation12 Sep 2023
- 2022DALL-E for Detection: Language-driven Compositional Image Synthesis for Object Detection20 Jun 2022
- 2021Accuracy on the Line: On the Strong Correlation Between Out-of-Distribution and In-Distribution Generalizationcited by 248
- 2022MegaPose: 6D Pose Estimation of Novel Objects via Render & Comparecited by 198
- 2021GDRNPP: A Geometry-guided and Fully Learning-based Object Pose Estimatorcited by 148
- 2021Semi-Supervised 3D Hand-Object Poses Estimation with Interactions in Timecited by 140
- 2021FS-Net: Fast Shape-based Network for Category-Level 6D Object Pose Estimation with Decoupled Rotation Mechanismcited by 121
- 2022Gen6D: Generalizable Model-Free 6-DoF Object Pose Estimation from RGB Imagescited by 120
- 2024Track2Act: Predicting Point Tracks from Internet Videos enables Generalizable Robot Manipulationcited by 116
- 2022ZebraPose: Coarse to Fine Surface Encoding for 6DoF Object Pose Estimationcited by 115
- 2023GigaPose: Fast and Robust Novel Object Pose Estimation via One Correspondencecited by 113
- 2021SurfEmb: Dense and Continuous Correspondence Distributions for Object Pose Estimation with Learnt Surface Embeddingscited by 95
- 2021SO-Pose: Exploiting Self-Occlusion for Direct 6D Pose Estimationcited by 88
- 20226-DoF Pose Estimation of Household Objects for Robotic Manipulation: An Accessible Dataset and Benchmarkcited by 85
12 most cited of 218 All 218 (JSON)
- 2026TinyDETR-Pose: Towards End-to-End Real-Time Single-Stage 6DoF Object Pose Estimation with Lightweight Transformers15 Aug 2026
- 2026Detecting Pose Estimation Failures via Keypoint Self-Consistency4 Aug 2026
- 2026Robust PnP on a Neuromorphic Processor for Object Pose Estimation18 Jul 2026
- 2026Rotational Symmetry based Object Pose Estimation from Point Clouds in the Absence of Known 3D Models15 Jun 2026
- 2026ComPose: When to Trust Hands for Object Pose Tracking22 May 2026
- 2026Towards Symmetry-sensitive Pose Estimation: A Rotation Representation for Symmetric Object Classes20 Apr 2026
- 2026HACMatch Semi-Supervised Rotation Regression with Hardness-Aware Curriculum Pseudo Labeling23 Mar 2026
- 2026Cov2Pose: Leveraging Spatial Covariance for Direct Manifold-aware 6-DoF Object Pose Estimation20 Mar 2026
- 2026Yolo-Key-6D: Single Stage Monocular 6D Pose Estimation with Keypoint Enhancements4 Mar 2026
- 2026MixRI: Mixing Features of Reference Images for Novel Object Pose Estimation11 Jan 2026
- 2025PoseGAM: Robust Unseen Object Pose Estimation via Geometry-Aware Multi-View Reasoning11 Dec 2025
- 2025THE-Pose: Topological Prior with Hybrid Graph Fusion for Estimating Category-Level 6D Object Pose11 Dec 2025
12 newest of 218 All 218 (JSON)