mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

BotOrNot: A System to Evaluate Social Bots

arXiv 1602.00975 ↗First posted 2 Feb 2016cs.SIcited by 41

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Abstract (arXiv)

While most online social media accounts are controlled by humans, these platforms also host automated agents called social bots or sybil accounts. Recent literature reported on cases of social bots imitating humans to manipulate discussions, alter the popularity of users, pollute content and spread misinformation, and even perform terrorist propaganda and recruitment actions. Here we present BotOrNot, a publicly-available service that leverages more than one thousand features to evaluate the extent to which a Twitter account exhibits similarity to the known characteristics of social bots. Since its release in May 2014, BotOrNot has served over one million requests via our website and APIs.

Key facts. Cited by 41 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 2 Feb 2016.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 4; 2022: 9; 2023: 11; 2024: 9; 2025: 3; 2026: 5.

41 papers.

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  1. 2024Security of AI Agentscited by 24
  2. 2023MGTAB: A Multi-Relational Graph-Based Twitter Account Detection Benchmarkcited by 16
  3. 2022BIC: Twitter Bot Detection with Text-Graph Interaction and Semantic Consistencycited by 14
  4. 2022Retweet-BERT: Political Leaning Detection Using Language Features and Information Diffusion on Social Networkscited by 13
  5. 2023BotTriNet: A Unified and Efficient Embedding for Social Bots Detection via Metric Learningcited by 13
  6. 2023Social-LLM: Modeling User Behavior at Scale using Language Models and Social Network Datacited by 11
  7. 2024Online Detection of LLM-Generated Texts via Sequential Hypothesis Testing by Bettingcited by 11
  8. 2024LLMs Among Us: Generative AI Participating in Digital Discoursecited by 9
  9. 2022Online User Profiling to Detect Social Bots on Twittercited by 7
  10. 2023Over-Sampling Strategy in Feature Space for Graphs based Class-imbalanced Bot Detectioncited by 7
  11. 2023RF-GNN: Random Forest Boosted Graph Neural Network for Social Bot Detectioncited by 5
  12. 2022Annotation-Scheme Reconstruction for "Fake News" and Japanese Fake News Datasetcited by 4
29 more
  1. 2021Socialbots on Fire: Modeling Adversarial Behaviors of Socialbots via Multi-Agent Hierarchical Reinforcement Learningcited by 3
  2. 2021Identification of Twitter Bots Based on an Explainable Machine Learning Framework: The US 2020 Elections Case Studycited by 3
  3. 2022MulBot: Unsupervised Bot Detection Based on Multivariate Time Seriescited by 3
  4. 2023Wearing Masks Implies Refuting Trump?: Towards Target-specific User Stance Prediction across Events in COVID-19 and US Election 2020cited by 3
  5. 2023False Information, Bots and Malicious Campaigns: Demystifying Elements of Social Media Manipulationscited by 3
  6. 2023Muti-scale Graph Neural Network with Signed-attention for Social Bot Detection: A Frequency Perspectivecited by 2
  7. 2023Multimodal Detection of Bots on X (Twitter) using Transformerscited by 2
  8. 2024Unmasking Social Bots: How Confident Are We?cited by 2
  9. 2026TRACE-Bot: Detecting Emerging LLM-Driven Social Bots via Implicit Semantic Representations and AIGC-Enhanced Behavioral Patternscited by 2
  10. 2022Political Communities on Twitter: Case Study of the 2022 French Presidential Electioncited by 1
  11. 2022Revisiting Information Cascades in Online Social Networkscited by 1
  12. 2023Russo-Ukrainian War: Prediction and explanation of Twitter suspensioncited by 1
  13. 2024BSG4Bot: Efficient Bot Detection based on Biased Heterogeneous Subgraphscited by 1
  14. 2024A Graph Neural Architecture Search Approach for Identifying Bots in Social Mediacited by 1
  15. 2025Certainly Bot Or Not? Trustworthy Social Bot Detection via Robust Multi-Modal Neural Processescited by 1
  16. 2021SOK: Fake News Outbreak 2021: Can We Stop the Viral Spread?cited by 0
  17. 2021Detecting Propaganda on the Sentence Level during the COVID-19 Pandemiccited by 0
  18. 2022Regional Differences in Information Privacy Concerns After the Facebook-Cambridge Analytica Data Scandalcited by 0
  19. 2022Structural invariants and semantic fingerprints in the "ego network" of wordscited by 0
  20. 2023Social Media Bot Detection using Dropout-GANcited by 0
  21. 2024Clustering Document Parts: Detecting and Characterizing Influence Campaigns from Documentscited by 0
  22. 2024Iteration over event space in time-to-first-spike spiking neural networks for Twitter bot classificationcited by 0
  23. 2024Public interest in science or bots? Selective amplification of scientific articles on Twittercited by 0
  24. 2025Multimodal Misinformation Detection Using Early Fusion of Linguistic, Visual, and Social Featurescited by 0
  25. 2025Bot Meets Shortcut: How Can LLMs Aid in Handling Unknown Invariance OOD Scenarios?cited by 0
  26. 2026Beyond Content: Behavioral Policies Reveal Actors in Information Operationscited by 0
  27. 2026Adversarial Creation and Detection of AI-Generated Social Bot Contentcited by 0
  28. 2026Angry but Accurate: Detecting and Profiling the Counter-Misinformation Ecosystem on Twittercited by 0
  29. 2026BERTopic-Virality Prioritisation: A Scalable Framework for Thematic and Comparative Analysis of COVID-19 and Monkeypox Misinformation on Twittercited by 0