Linguistic Harbingers of Betrayal: A Case Study on an Online Strategy Game
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Abstract (arXiv)
Interpersonal relations are fickle, with close friendships often dissolving into enmity. In this work, we explore linguistic cues that presage such transitions by studying dyadic interactions in an online strategy game where players form alliances and break those alliances through betrayal. We characterize friendships that are unlikely to last and examine temporal patterns that foretell betrayal. We reveal that subtle signs of imminent betrayal are encoded in the conversational patterns of the dyad, even if the victim is not aware of the relationship's fate. In particular, we find that lasting friendships exhibit a form of balance that manifests itself through language. In contrast, sudden changes in the balance of certain conversational attributes---such as positive sentiment, politeness, or focus on future planning---signal impending betrayal.
Key facts. Cited by 16 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 15 Jun 2015.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 2; 2023: 3; 2024: 4; 2025: 6.
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- 2022Putting the Con in Context: Identifying Deceptive Actors in the Game of Mafiacited by 13
- 2023Hate Cannot Drive out Hate: Forecasting Conversation Incivility following Replies to Hate Speechcited by 10
- 2024More Victories, Less Cooperation: Assessing Cicero's Diplomacy Playcited by 9
- 2023It Takes Two to Negotiate: Modeling Social Exchange in Online Multiplayer Gamescited by 8
- 2024How Did We Get Here? Summarizing Conversation Dynamicscited by 6
- 2021Designing an Automatic Agent for Repeated Language based Persuasion Gamescited by 5
- 2024Impact of Decoding Methods on Human Alignment of Conversational LLMscited by 4
- 2025Dynamic Epistemic Friction in Dialoguecited by 4
- 2025Should I Trust You? Detecting Deception in Negotiations using Counterfactual RLcited by 3
- 2022AutoReply: Detecting Nonsense in Dialogue Introspectively with Discriminative Repliescited by 2
- 2025Measuring Fine-Grained Negotiation Tactics of Humans and LLMs in Diplomacycited by 2
- 2023In-class Data Analysis Replications: Teaching Students while Testing Sciencecited by 1
4 more
- 2024Beyond Text: Leveraging Multi-Task Learning and Cognitive Appraisal Theory for Post-Purchase Intention Analysiscited by 1
- 2025Improving User Behavior Prediction: Leveraging Annotator Metadata in Supervised Machine Learning Modelscited by 0
- 2025CSP4SDG: Constraint and Information-Theory Based Role Identification in Social Deduction Games with LLM-Enhanced Inferencecited by 0
- 2025Do You Trust Me? Cognitive-Affective Signatures of Trustworthiness in Large Language Modelscited by 0
- 2025Measuring Fine-Grained Negotiation Tactics of Humans and LLMs in Diplomacy20 Dec 2025
- 2025Do You Trust Me? Cognitive-Affective Signatures of Trustworthiness in Large Language Models17 Dec 2025
- 2025CSP4SDG: Constraint and Information-Theory Based Role Identification in Social Deduction Games with LLM-Enhanced Inference9 Nov 2025
- 2025Dynamic Epistemic Friction in Dialogue12 Jun 2025
- 2025Improving User Behavior Prediction: Leveraging Annotator Metadata in Supervised Machine Learning Models26 Mar 2025
- 2025Should I Trust You? Detecting Deception in Negotiations using Counterfactual RL18 Feb 2025
- 2024Impact of Decoding Methods on Human Alignment of Conversational LLMs28 Jul 2024
- 2024Beyond Text: Leveraging Multi-Task Learning and Cognitive Appraisal Theory for Post-Purchase Intention Analysis11 Jul 2024
- 2024More Victories, Less Cooperation: Assessing Cicero's Diplomacy Play7 Jun 2024
- 2024How Did We Get Here? Summarizing Conversation Dynamics29 Apr 2024
- 2023Hate Cannot Drive out Hate: Forecasting Conversation Incivility following Replies to Hate Speech8 Dec 2023
- 2023It Takes Two to Negotiate: Modeling Social Exchange in Online Multiplayer Games15 Nov 2023
4 more
- 2023In-class Data Analysis Replications: Teaching Students while Testing Science31 Aug 2023
- 2022AutoReply: Detecting Nonsense in Dialogue Introspectively with Discriminative Replies22 Nov 2022
- 2022Putting the Con in Context: Identifying Deceptive Actors in the Game of Mafia5 Jul 2022
- 2021Designing an Automatic Agent for Repeated Language based Persuasion Games11 May 2021
- 2025Dynamic Epistemic Friction in Dialoguecited by 4
- 2025Dynamic Epistemic Friction in Dialogue12 Jun 2025
- 2022Putting the Con in Context: Identifying Deceptive Actors in the Game of Mafiacited by 13
- 2023Hate Cannot Drive out Hate: Forecasting Conversation Incivility following Replies to Hate Speechcited by 10
- 2024More Victories, Less Cooperation: Assessing Cicero's Diplomacy Playcited by 9
- 2023It Takes Two to Negotiate: Modeling Social Exchange in Online Multiplayer Gamescited by 8
- 2024How Did We Get Here? Summarizing Conversation Dynamicscited by 6
- 2021Designing an Automatic Agent for Repeated Language based Persuasion Gamescited by 5
- 2024Impact of Decoding Methods on Human Alignment of Conversational LLMscited by 4
- 2025Should I Trust You? Detecting Deception in Negotiations using Counterfactual RLcited by 3
- 2022AutoReply: Detecting Nonsense in Dialogue Introspectively with Discriminative Repliescited by 2
- 2025Measuring Fine-Grained Negotiation Tactics of Humans and LLMs in Diplomacycited by 2
- 2023In-class Data Analysis Replications: Teaching Students while Testing Sciencecited by 1
- 2024Beyond Text: Leveraging Multi-Task Learning and Cognitive Appraisal Theory for Post-Purchase Intention Analysiscited by 1
12 most cited of 15 All 15 (JSON)
- 2025Measuring Fine-Grained Negotiation Tactics of Humans and LLMs in Diplomacy20 Dec 2025
- 2025Do You Trust Me? Cognitive-Affective Signatures of Trustworthiness in Large Language Models17 Dec 2025
- 2025CSP4SDG: Constraint and Information-Theory Based Role Identification in Social Deduction Games with LLM-Enhanced Inference9 Nov 2025
- 2025Improving User Behavior Prediction: Leveraging Annotator Metadata in Supervised Machine Learning Models26 Mar 2025
- 2025Should I Trust You? Detecting Deception in Negotiations using Counterfactual RL18 Feb 2025
- 2024Impact of Decoding Methods on Human Alignment of Conversational LLMs28 Jul 2024
- 2024Beyond Text: Leveraging Multi-Task Learning and Cognitive Appraisal Theory for Post-Purchase Intention Analysis11 Jul 2024
- 2024More Victories, Less Cooperation: Assessing Cicero's Diplomacy Play7 Jun 2024
- 2024How Did We Get Here? Summarizing Conversation Dynamics29 Apr 2024
- 2023Hate Cannot Drive out Hate: Forecasting Conversation Incivility following Replies to Hate Speech8 Dec 2023
- 2023It Takes Two to Negotiate: Modeling Social Exchange in Online Multiplayer Games15 Nov 2023
- 2023In-class Data Analysis Replications: Teaching Students while Testing Science31 Aug 2023
12 newest of 15 All 15 (JSON)