mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Spectral Methods meet EM: A Provably Optimal Algorithm for Crowdsourcing

arXiv 1406.3824 ↗First posted 15 Jun 2014stat.MLcited by 63

Not on the map. Why?

Abstract (arXiv)

Crowdsourcing is a popular paradigm for effectively collecting labels at low cost. The Dawid-Skene estimator has been widely used for inferring the true labels from the noisy labels provided by non-expert crowdsourcing workers. However, since the estimator maximizes a non-convex log-likelihood function, it is hard to theoretically justify its performance. In this paper, we propose a two-stage efficient algorithm for multi-class crowd labeling problems. The first stage uses the spectral method to obtain an initial estimate of parameters. Then the second stage refines the estimation by optimizing the objective function of the Dawid-Skene estimator via the EM algorithm. We show that our algorithm achieves the optimal convergence rate up to a logarithmic factor. We conduct extensive experiments on synthetic and real datasets. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm is comparable to the most accurate empirical approach, while outperforming several other recently proposed methods.

Key facts. Cited by 63 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 15 Jun 2014.

Builds on

No reference list yet.

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2018: 1; 2019: 0; 2020: 0; 2021: 14; 2022: 10; 2023: 12; 2024: 14; 2025: 5; 2026: 7.

63 papers.

Sort:

By area:

  1. 2021Detecting Corrupted Labels Without Training a Model to Predictcited by 57
  2. 2024If in a Crowdsourced Data Annotation Pipeline, a GPT-4cited by 38
  3. 2022Identifiability of Label Noise Transition Matrixcited by 34
  4. 2021End-to-End Weak Supervisioncited by 33
  5. 2022Beyond Images: Label Noise Transition Matrix Estimation for Tasks with Lower-Quality Featurescited by 27
  6. 2022Convergence of gradient descent for deep neural networkscited by 24
  7. 2024Bayesian Calibration of Win Rate Estimation with LLM Evaluatorscited by 15
  8. 2021An Instance-Dependent Simulation Framework for Learning with Label Noisecited by 14
  9. 2018Breaking the gridlock in Mixture-of-Experts: Consistent and Efficient Algorithmscited by 13
  10. 2023Deep Learning From Crowdsourced Labels: Coupled Cross-entropy Minimization, Identifiability, and Regularizationcited by 12
  11. 2024Theoretical Constraints on the Expressive Power of mathsfRoPE-based Tensor Attention Transformerscited by 12
  12. 2022Knowledge Learning with Crowdsourcing: A Brief Review and Systematic Perspectivecited by 11
38 more
  1. 2021CrowdSpeech and VoxDIY: Benchmark Datasets for Crowdsourced Audio Transcriptioncited by 9
  2. 2021Crowdsourcing via Annotator Co-occurrence Imputation and Provable Symmetric Nonnegative Matrix Factorizationcited by 6
  3. 2023Deep Clustering with Incomplete Noisy Pairwise Annotations: A Geometric Regularization Approachcited by 5
  4. 2025CrowdLLM: Building LLM-Based Digital Populations Augmented with Generative Modelscited by 5
  5. 2021Surprisingly Popular Voting Recovers Rankings, Surprisingly!cited by 4
  6. 2021Rethinking Noisy Label Models: Labeler-Dependent Noise with Adversarial Awarenesscited by 4
  7. 2023A Taxonomy of Rater Disagreements: Surveying Challenges & Opportunities from the Perspective of Annotating Online Toxicitycited by 4
  8. 2022Ensemble learning using individual neonatal data for seizure detectioncited by 3
  9. 2023Transfer Learning for Kernel-based Regressioncited by 3
  10. 2021OpinionRank: Extracting Ground Truth Labels from Unreliable Expert Opinions with Graph-Based Spectral Rankingcited by 2
  11. 2021A Worker-Task Specialization Model for Crowdsourcing: Efficient Inference and Fundamental Limitscited by 2
  12. 2022A Light-weight, Effective and Efficient Model for Label Aggregation in Crowdsourcingcited by 2
  13. 2023Streaming algorithms for evaluating noisy judges on unlabeled data -- binary classificationcited by 2
  14. 2024Scalable Interactive Machine Learning for Future Command and Controlcited by 2
  15. 2024Learning From Crowdsourced Noisy Labels: A Signal Processing Perspectivecited by 2
  16. 2024Sharp bounds on aggregate expert errorcited by 2
  17. 2025Time and Memory Trade-off of KV-Cache Compression in Tensor Transformer Decodingcited by 2
  18. 2021Detecting adversaries in Crowdsourcingcited by 1
  19. 2022Unsupervised Crowdsourcing with Accuracy and Cost Guaranteescited by 1
  20. 2022Stability of Weighted Majority Voting under Estimated Weightscited by 1
  21. 2023An Adaptive Method for Weak Supervision with Drifting Datacited by 1
  22. 2023HITSnDIFFs: From Truth Discovery to Ability Discovery by Recovering Matrices with the Consecutive Ones Propertycited by 1
  23. 2024Leveraging Large Language Models for Structure Learning in Prompted Weak Supervisioncited by 1
  24. 2024Convergence Behavior of an Adversarial Weak Supervision Methodcited by 1
  25. 2024In-context Learning for Mixture of Linear Regressions: Existence, Generalization and Training Dynamicscited by 1
  26. 2026Probabilistic Label Spreading: Efficient and Consistent Estimation of Soft Labels with Epistemic Uncertainty on Graphscited by 1
  27. 2026Multi-LLM Query Optimizationcited by 1
  28. 2021A Symmetric Loss Perspective of Reliable Machine Learningcited by 0
  29. 2021Temporal-aware Language Representation Learning From Crowdsourced Labelscited by 0
  30. 2021How to Query An Oracle? Efficient Strategies to Label Datacited by 0
  31. 2021Scheduling to Learn In An Unsupervised Online Streaming Modelcited by 0
  32. 2022Regularized Data Programming with Automated Bayesian Prior Selectioncited by 0
  33. 2022Recovering Top-Two Answers and Confusion Probability in Multi-Choice Crowdsourcingcited by 0
  34. 2023AutoWS: Automated Weak Supervision Framework for Text Classificationcited by 0
  35. 2023Spectral Clustering for Crowdsourcing with Inherently Distinct Task Typescited by 0
  36. 2023Fundamental Tradeoffs in Learning with Prior Informationcited by 0
  37. 2023Unsupervised Opinion Aggregation -- A Statistical Perspectivecited by 0
  38. 2023Towards Long-term Annotators: A Supervised Label Aggregation Baselinecited by 0

50 most cited of 63 All 63 (JSON)