Evaluation Is All You Need for Multi-Modal Autonomous Driving
On the map: End-to-end autonomous driving → Imitation-learning end-to-end planners also fits: End-to-end system architecture
Abstract (arXiv)
Multi-modal planning is promising for autonomous driving by representing multiple plausible behaviors in ambiguous and long-tail scenarios. Existing methods mainly focus on improving trajectory multi-modality, enhancing trajectory representations, or reshaping the candidate distribution. Nevertheless, we identify a pronounced generation-evaluation asymmetry in multi-modal planning: despite strong oracle performance, existing planners often fail to reliably select the best available candidate, leaving substantial planning potential unrealized. To address this challenge, we propose iDriveVLA, a multi-modal planning framework that improves the candidate trajectory space while enabling more reliable and context-aware trajectory evaluation. Specifically, iDriveVLA introduces a unified trajectory evaluator comprising a Safety-aware Scorer for quality and risk estimation, together with a VLM-guided Modulator for scene-adaptive criterion weighting. We further develop an oracle-aligned progressive training strategy consisting of candidate imitation pretraining, candidate space refinement, and semantic ranking alignment. On the public NAVSIM v1 leaderboard, iDriveVLA achieves a new state-of-the-art performance of 94.95 PDMS, surpassing the human-expert reference.
Key facts. No citing papers in the map yet (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Imitation-learning end-to-end planners, one of 9 directions in End-to-end autonomous driving. Builds on 44 of its 46 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 25 Sep 2026.
Builds on
44 of 46 references.
Closest ancestors · 7
Same direction, newest first
- 2026Test-Time Trajectory Optimization for Autonomous Driving5 Jun
- 2026CLOVER: Closed-Loop Value Estimation and Ranking for End-to-End Autonomous Driving Planning14 May
- 2025RAP: 3D Rasterization Augmented End-to-End Planning5 Oct
- 2025A Framework for Learning Scoring Rules in Autonomous Driving Planning Systems17 Feb
- 2025Diffusion-Based Planning for Autonomous Driving with Flexible Guidance26 Jan
- 2024DiffusionDrive: Truncated Diffusion Model for End-to-End Autonomous Driving22 Nov
- 2024VADv2: End-to-End Vectorized Autonomous Driving via Probabilistic Planning20 Feb
Other references · 37
- 2022Planning-oriented Autonomous Drivingcited by 1,068
- 2022TransFuser: Imitation with Transformer-Based Sensor Fusion for Autonomous Drivingcited by 477
- 2024NAVSIM: Data-Driven Non-Reactive Autonomous Vehicle Simulation and Benchmarkingcited by 343
- 2025AutoVLA: A Vision-Language-Action Model for End-to-End Autonomous Driving with Adaptive Reasoning and Reinforcement Fine-Tuningcited by 252
- 2024Bench2Drive: Towards Multi-Ability Benchmarking of Closed-Loop End-To-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 250
- 2023Parting with Misconceptions about Learning-based Vehicle Motion Planningcited by 238
- 2024EMMA: End-to-End Multimodal Model for Autonomous Drivingcited by 226
- 2024GenAD: Generative End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 225
- 2025ReCogDrive: A Reinforced Cognitive Framework for End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 190
- 2025OpenDriveVLA: Towards End-to-end Autonomous Driving with Large Vision Language Action Modelcited by 172
- 2025FutureSightDrive: Thinking Visually with Spatio-Temporal CoT for Autonomous Drivingcited by 165
- 2025Pseudo-Simulation for Autonomous Drivingcited by 141
25 more
- 2025Unified Vision-Language-Action Modelcited by 128
- 2025DriveVLA-W0: World Models Amplify Data Scaling Law in Autonomous Drivingcited by 127
- 2025Hydra-MDP++: Advancing End-to-End Driving via Expert-Guided Hydra-Distillationcited by 93
- 2025DriveSuprim: Towards Precise Trajectory Selection for End-to-End Planningcited by 91
- 2025World4Drive: End-to-End Autonomous Driving via Intention-aware Physical Latent World Modelcited by 91
- 2024DRAMA: An Efficient End-to-end Motion Planner for Autonomous Driving with Mambacited by 87
- 2025A Survey on Vision-Language-Action Models for Autonomous Drivingcited by 72
- 2025Generalized Trajectory Scoring for End-to-end Multimodal Planningcited by 63
- 2025Impromptu VLA: Open Weights and Open Data for Driving Vision-Language-Action Modelscited by 60
- 2025AdaThinkDrive: Adaptive Thinking via Reinforcement Learning for Autonomous Drivingcited by 57
- 2025iPad: Iterative Proposal-centric End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 41
- 2026Driving on Registerscited by 38
- 2025SimScale: Learning to Drive via Real-World Simulation at Scalecited by 34
- 2026SGDrive: Scene-to-Goal Hierarchical World Cognition for Autonomous Drivingcited by 34
- 2026LaST-VLA: Thinking in Latent Spatio-Temporal Space for Vision-Language-Action in Autonomous Drivingcited by 26
- 2021Integrated Decision and Control: Towards Interpretable and Computationally Efficient Driving Intelligencecited by 25
- 2025DriveX: Omni Scene Modeling for Learning Generalizable World Knowledge in Autonomous Drivingcited by 20
- 2026Unleashing VLA Potentials in Autonomous Driving via Explicit Learning from Failurescited by 17
- 2026SpanVLA: Efficient Action Bridging and Learning from Negative-Recovery Samples for Vision-Language-Action Modelcited by 15
- 2019Direct and indirect reinforcement learningcited by 11
- 2026FLARE: Learning Future-Aware Latent Representations from Vision-Language Models for Autonomous Drivingcited by 9
- 2026STAPO: Stabilizing Reinforcement Learning for LLMs by Silencing Rare Spurious Tokenscited by 9
- 2026ChainFlow-VLA: Causal Flow Planning with Vision-Language Modelscited by 3
- 2026CLEAR: Cognition and Latent Evaluation for Adaptive Routing in End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 2
- 2026Momentum as Residual-Driven Multiplier Correction for Deep Learning Optimizationcited by 2
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Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2026Efficient Multi-Modal Planning with Reward-Guided Preference Optimization for Autonomous Driving
- 2026SparseDriveV2: Scoring is All You Need for End-to-End Autonomous Driving
- 2026From Proxy Learning to Driving Decisions: A Transfer-Based Framework for Evaluating Future-Aware Autonomous Driving Planners
- 2026A Collaborative Multi-Modality Interaction for VLA-based End-to-End Autonomous Driving
- 2026EvoDriveVLA: Evolving Driving VLA Models via Collaborative Perception-Planning Distillation
- 2026RAF-VLA: Representation Alignment with the Future for End-to-End Autonomous Driving
- 2026Planning-Oriented End-to-End Autonomous Driving: Architectures, Evaluation, and Emerging Paradigms
- 2026HERMES: A Holistic End-to-End Risk-Aware Multimodal Embodied System with Vision-Language Models for Long-Tail Autonomous Driving