Comparative Evaluation of 3D Reconstruction Methods for Immersive Visualization of Laboratory Objects

In this study, we examined whether current 3D reconstruction methods can support the creation of realistic holographic representations of laboratory objects for educational use. In this regard, we compared four approaches: photogrammetry, a neural radiance field (NeRF)-based method, Gaussian splatting, and LiDAR. These methods were used to generate holographic models of common laboratory items and their fidelity was evaluated by graduate students. Participants assessed the models for shape, color, texture, and visual defects using a repeated-measures design. Across objects, the NeRF-based method produced the most consistently high-fidelity representations, particularly for transparent, reflective, or low-texture items that were difficult to capture with other approaches. Shape and color were generally reproduced more successfully than texture, suggesting that some visual properties remain more challenging to represent accurately in educational holograms. Beyond identifying the strengths and limitations of each reconstruction method, the study demonstrates a practical workflow for creating immersive learning objects that may support pre-laboratory preparation, spatial reasoning, and student engagement in AR/MR-based educational environments. These findings offer design-relevant insights for educators and researchers developing immersive digital learning experiences.