mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Skill Issue: Are Skills Language-Invariant in LLMs?

arXiv 2608.25832 ↗First posted 26 Aug 2026cs.CL cs.AI cs.GTcited by 1

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Abstract (arXiv)

Large language models access knowledge inconsistently across languages, but to what extent do they differ in their skill sets when interacting with different languages? This work quantifies cross-lingual skill inconsistency orthogonally from knowledge and general benchmark performance. We do this via multilingual self-play: two instances of the same model compete in a text-based game, each interacting through a different language interface. Since the model, opponent, rules, state space, and available actions remain fixed, this setting isolates the effect of language on the model's realized behavior. We build a multilingual extension to TextArena and evaluate three open-weight models across eight languages and six games covering spatial reasoning, imperfect information, resource allocation, and repeated interaction. We find that the same model can exhibit markedly different playing strength across languages, with systematic variation in win--loss margins, invalid actions, and strategic tendencies. Detailed analyses reveal language-specific failures in spatial reasoning, card-conditioned decisions, and optimal move selection. In some settings, changing only the intermediate reasoning language recovers much of the lost performance, suggesting that language can affect different stages of the decision process. These results show that skill discrepancies are a measurable major roadblock in the development of truly multilingual models. Better understanding these discrepancies can help us design models that perform more equitably across languages.

Key facts. Cited by 1 paper in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 32 of its 55 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 26 Aug 2026.

Builds on

32 of 55 references.

References · 32

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20 more
  1. 2023SmartPlay: A Benchmark for LLMs as Intelligent Agentscited by 123
  2. 2020XOR QA: Cross-lingual Open-Retrieval Question Answeringcited by 121
  3. 2024GTBench: Uncovering the Strategic Reasoning Limitations of LLMs via Game-Theoretic Evaluationscited by 118
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  13. 2024Goldfish: Monolingual Language Models for 350 Languagescited by 27
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Citing papers per year: 2026: 1.

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  2. 2025Think Globally, Group Locally: Evaluating LLMs Using Multi-Lingual Word Grouping Games
  3. 2024Are Large Language Models Strategic Decision Makers? A Study of Performance and Bias in Two-Player Non-Zero-Sum Games
  4. 2026Why Do LLMs Struggle in Strategic Play? Broken Links Between Observations, Beliefs, and Actions
  5. 2023Large Language Models on the Chessboard: A Study on ChatGPT's Formal Language Comprehension and Complex Reasoning Skills
  6. 2025Tracing LLM Reasoning Processes with Strategic Games: A Framework for Planning, Revision, and Resource-Constrained Decision Making
  7. 2025Language Matters: How Do Multilingual Input and Reasoning Paths Affect Large Reasoning Models?
  8. 2025LLM CHESS: Benchmarking Reasoning and Instruction-Following in LLMs through Chess