PRM-as-a-Judge 1.5: A Toolkit for Robot Process Assessment
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Abstract (arXiv)
Fine-grained robotic evaluation matters for understanding embodied models, going beyond binary success rates and rule-based process scores. We present PRM-as-a-Judge 1.5, a toolkit for robot process assessment that turns rollout videos into dense progress curves and derives multiple fine metrics. PRM-as-a-Judge 1.5 introduces three metrics, building on version 1.0, that characterize failure-side progress, post-drawdown recovery, and success-side execution quality, helping users understand embodied model capability. Based on the rollout videos from benchmarks, we perform a comprehensive assessment of the embodied models, providing some fine-grained metric results and key findings. We further introduce RoboPulse++ to evaluate the reliability of process reward models (PRM), providing evaluators with a more accurate testing platform. Moreover, we release a user-friendly assessment suite, including the benchmark, metric implementation, and visualization tools, to support reproducible manipulation process evaluation. We call on the community to rethink how robots are evaluated and establish transparent, procedural, and reproducible assessment as a foundation for the next generation of embodied intelligence.
Key facts. Cited by 3 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 54 of its 63 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 14 Aug 2026.
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54 of 63 references.
References · 54
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- 2021CALVIN: A Benchmark for Language-Conditioned Policy Learning for Long-Horizon Robot Manipulation Taskscited by 584
- 2018On Evaluation of Embodied Navigation Agentscited by 547
- 2025RoboTwin 2.0: A Scalable Data Generator and Benchmark with Strong Domain Randomization for Robust Bimanual Robotic Manipulationcited by 518
- 2020robosuite: A Modular Simulation Framework and Benchmark for Robot Learningcited by 511
- 2024Evaluating Real-World Robot Manipulation Policies in Simulationcited by 495
- 2017Time-Contrastive Networks: Self-Supervised Learning from Videocited by 459
- 2024RoboCasa: Large-Scale Simulation of Everyday Tasks for Generalist Robotscited by 407
- 2022VIP: Towards Universal Visual Reward and Representation via Value-Implicit Pre-Trainingcited by 395
- 2026Fast-WAM: Do World Action Models Need Test-time Future Imagination?cited by 349
- 2023ManiSkill2: A Unified Benchmark for Generalizable Manipulation Skillscited by 327
38 more
- 2025X-VLA: Soft-Prompted Transformer as Scalable Cross-Embodiment Vision-Language-Action Modelcited by 303
- 2025LIBERO-Plus: In-depth Robustness Analysis of Vision-Language-Action Modelscited by 303
- 2023LIV: Language-Image Representations and Rewards for Robotic Controlcited by 188
- 2024VLABench: A Large-Scale Benchmark for Language-Conditioned Robotics Manipulation with Long-Horizon Reasoning Taskscited by 175
- 2025VLA-Adapter: An Effective Paradigm for Tiny-Scale Vision-Language-Action Modelcited by 145
- 2026GigaWorld-Policy: An Efficient Action-Centered World--Action Modelcited by 139
- 2025RoboBrain: A Unified Brain Model for Robotic Manipulation from Abstract to Concretecited by 135
- 2025Spatial Forcing: Implicit Spatial Representation Alignment for Vision-language-action Modelcited by 134
- 2024Vision Language Models are In-Context Value Learnerscited by 90
- 2025A Vision-Language-Action-Critic Model for Robotic Real-World Reinforcement Learningcited by 71
- 2026Unified 4D World Action Modeling from Video Priors with Asynchronous Denoisingcited by 71
- 2025VLA-RFT: Vision-Language-Action Reinforcement Fine-tuning with Verified Rewards in World Simulatorscited by 67
- 2026Robometer: Scaling General-Purpose Robotic Reward Models via Trajectory Comparisonscited by 60
- 2026RoboReward: General-Purpose Vision-Language Reward Models for Roboticscited by 53
- 2026LDA-1B: Scaling Latent Dynamics Action Model via Universal Embodied Data Ingestioncited by 52
- 2026InternVLA-A1: Unifying Understanding, Generation and Action for Robotic Manipulationcited by 50
- 2025AutoEval: Autonomous Evaluation of Generalist Robot Manipulation Policies in the Real Worldcited by 48
- 2026AHA-WAM:Asynchronous Horizon-Adaptive World-Action Modeling with Observation-Guided Context Routingcited by 46
- 2026Xiaomi-Robotics-0: An Open-Sourced Vision-Language-Action Model with Real-Time Executioncited by 45
- 2025SARM: Stage-Aware Reward Modeling for Long Horizon Robot Manipulationcited by 42
- 2025RoboFAC: A Comprehensive Framework for Robotic Failure Analysis and Correctioncited by 41
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- 2026RoboDojo: A Unified Sim-and-Real Benchmark for Comprehensive Evaluation of Generalist Robot Manipulation Policiescited by 40
- 2026TOPReward: Token Probabilities as Hidden Zero-Shot Rewards for Roboticscited by 33
- 2025RoboEval: Where Robotic Manipulation Meets Structured and Scalable Evaluationcited by 32
- 2025Towards a Unified Understanding of Robot Manipulation: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 32
- 2026StarVLA-α: Reducing Complexity in Vision-Language-Action Systemscited by 31
- 2025RoboChallenge: Large-scale Real-robot Evaluation of Embodied Policiescited by 30
- 2026Xiaomi-Robotics-1: Scaling Vision-Language-Action Models with over 100K Hours of Real-World Trajectoriescited by 29
- 2023Generative learning for nonlinear dynamicscited by 22
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- 2025Diagnose, Correct, and Learn from Manipulation Failures via Visual Symbolscited by 14
- 2026Large Reward Models: Generalizable Online Robot Reward Generation with Vision-Language Modelscited by 11
- 2026PRM-as-a-Judge: A Dense Evaluation Paradigm for Fine-Grained Robotic Auditingcited by 9
- 2026ViVa: A Video-Generative Value Model for Robot Reinforcement Learningcited by 9
- 2025Score the Steps, Not Just the Goal: VLM-Based Subgoal Evaluation for Robotic Manipulationcited by 8
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- 2026RynnValue: Scaling Robotic Value Foundation Models with Temporal Distancecited by 7
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- 2026GigaWorld-1: A Roadmap to Build World Models for Robot Policy Evaluation
- 2026ManipArena: Comprehensive Real-world Evaluation of Reasoning-Oriented Generalist Robot Manipulation
- 2026RoboProcessBench: Benchmarking Process-Aware Understanding in Vision-Language Robotic Manipulation
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- 2026MANIGUARD: A Benchmark and Data Suite for Specification-Grounded Safety Evaluation and Improvement of Robotic Manipulation