mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Deferred Exposure of Future Trajectories for Verifiable Reasoning in Autonomous Driving VLMs

arXiv 2608.01755 ↗First posted 3 Aug 2026cs.AIcited by 1

On the map: LLM reasoning → Chain-of-thought reasoning for driving

also in 3 more
Abstract (arXiv)

Recent Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models for autonomous driving (AD) increasingly utilize chain-of-thought (CoT) supervision to enhance the reasoning capabilities of their Vision-Language Model (VLM) components, yet existing annotation pipelines commonly expose the teacher model to the logged ground-truth (GT) future trajectory. We empirically show that this induces trajectory anchoring bias: teacher models rationalize the revealed outcome rather than infer a decision from scene evidence, producing less causally faithful CoTs and substantially more severe hallucinations, especially in causally challenging scenes. Removing the GT trajectory eliminates this shortcut, but open-ended trajectory generation entangles high-level decision-making with precise geometric synthesis and low-level dynamics. To make trajectory-level driving decisions verifiable without requiring open-ended trajectory synthesis, we introduce Autonomous-Driving Multiple-Choice Question (AD-MCQ), which casts planning as selection among explicit trajectory candidates. Taking this a step further, we propose Deferred Exposure of Future Trajectories for RLVR (DEFT-RLVR) to transform future trajectories from pre-decision anchors into post-decision verification targets. Experimental results show that DEFT-RLVR improves AD reasoning while preserving or even enhancing general visual capabilities. With VLM-only inference and controllable difficulty through candidate construction, AD-MCQ provides a flexible, scalable, and extensible foundation for future research on verifiable AD reasoning.

Key facts. Cited by 1 paper in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Chain-of-thought reasoning for driving, one of 17 directions in LLM reasoning. Builds on 51 of its 88 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 3 Aug 2026.

Builds on

51 of 88 references.

Closest ancestors · 5

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2026Accelerating Structured Chain-of-Thought in Autonomous Vehicles2 Feb
  2. 2025NuScenes-SpatialQA: A Spatial Understanding and Reasoning Benchmark for Vision-Language Models in Autonomous Driving4 Apr
  3. 2024WiseAD: Knowledge Augmented End-to-End Autonomous Driving with Vision-Language Model13 Dec
  4. 2024WOMD-Reasoning: A Large-Scale Dataset for Interaction Reasoning in Driving5 Jul
  5. 2024DriveCoT: Integrating Chain-of-Thought Reasoning with End-to-End Driving25 Mar

Other references · 46

  1. 2017Proximal Policy Optimization Algorithmscited by 15,215
  2. 2024DeepSeekMath: Pushing the Limits of Mathematical Reasoning in Open Language Modelscited by 9,379
  3. 2025Qwen3 Technical Reportcited by 8,820
  4. 2025DeepSeek-R1: Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learningcited by 6,330
  5. 2025Qwen3-VL Technical Reportcited by 2,793
  6. 2025FAST: Efficient Action Tokenization for Vision-Language-Action Modelscited by 665
  7. 2024DriveVLM: The Convergence of Autonomous Driving and Large Vision-Language Modelscited by 490
  8. 2024VLMEvalKit: An Open-Source Toolkit for Evaluating Large Multi-Modality Modelscited by 455
  9. 2025CoT-VLA: Visual Chain-of-Thought Reasoning for Vision-Language-Action Modelscited by 451
  10. 2025Reasoning Models Don't Always Say What They Thinkcited by 415
  11. 2025Rubrics as Rewards: Reinforcement Learning Beyond Verifiable Domainscited by 366
  12. 2023GPT-Driver: Learning to Drive with GPTcited by 347
34 more
  1. 2024DiffusionDrive: Truncated Diffusion Model for End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 334
  2. 2025LIBERO-Plus: In-depth Robustness Analysis of Vision-Language-Action Modelscited by 303
  3. 2024SparseDrive: End-to-End Autonomous Driving via Sparse Scene Representationcited by 241
  4. 2023DriveMLM: Aligning Multi-Modal Large Language Models with Behavioral Planning States for Autonomous Drivingcited by 233
  5. 2024EMMA: End-to-End Multimodal Model for Autonomous Drivingcited by 231
  6. 2025MMSI-Bench: A Benchmark for Multi-Image Spatial Intelligencecited by 183
  7. 2025LIBERO-PRO: Towards Robust and Fair Evaluation of Vision-Language-Action Models Beyond Memorizationcited by 179
  8. 2025OpenDriveVLA: Towards End-to-end Autonomous Driving with Large Vision Language Action Modelcited by 176
  9. 2025Chain-of-Thought Reasoning In The Wild Is Not Always Faithfulcited by 170
  10. 2024Senna: Bridging Large Vision-Language Models and End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 156
  11. 2024RoboSpatial: Teaching Spatial Understanding to 2D and 3D Vision-Language Models for Roboticscited by 136
  12. 2025ViewSpatial-Bench: Evaluating Multi-perspective Spatial Localization in Vision-Language Modelscited by 118
  13. 2025SRFT: A Single-Stage Method with Supervised and Reinforcement Fine-Tuning for Reasoningcited by 84
  14. 2025Gemini Robotics: Bringing AI into the Physical Worldcited by 83
  15. 2023Trajeglish: Traffic Modeling as Next-Token Predictioncited by 60
  16. 2025Online Rubrics Elicitation from Pairwise Comparisonscited by 46
  17. 2024Gen-Drive: Enhancing Diffusion Generative Driving Policies with Reward Modeling and Reinforcement Learning Fine-tuningcited by 42
  18. 2025Answer Matching Outperforms Multiple Choice for Language Model Evaluationcited by 41
  19. 2024Closed-Loop Supervised Fine-Tuning of Tokenized Traffic Modelscited by 40
  20. 2025NuPlanQA: A Large-Scale Dataset and Benchmark for Multi-View Driving Scene Understanding in Multi-Modal Large Language Modelscited by 30
  21. 2026Autorubric: A Unifying Framework for Rubric-Based LLM Evaluation on Non-Verifiable Taskscited by 26
  22. 2025Discrete Diffusion for Reflective Vision-Language-Action Models in Autonomous Drivingcited by 24
  23. 2026Thinking with Blueprints: Assisting Vision-Language Models in Spatial Reasoning via Structured Object Representationcited by 21
  24. 2024Separate the Wheat from the Chaff: A Post-Hoc Approach to Safety Re-Alignment for Fine-Tuned Language Modelscited by 20
  25. 2026Does Your Reasoning Model Implicitly Know When to Stop Thinking?cited by 19
  26. 2025Adaptive Batch-Wise Sample Scheduling for Direct Preference Optimizationcited by 17
  27. 2026Heterogeneous Agent Collaborative Reinforcement Learningcited by 15
  28. 2026Automated Optimization Modeling via a Localizable Error-Driven Perspectivecited by 14
  29. 2025Probing Perceptual Constancy in Large Vision-Language Modelscited by 7
  30. 2025Evidence-Grounded Trustworthy Multimodal Reasoning and Evaluation Benchmark in Complex Urban Scenescited by 7
  31. 2025StyleTailor: Towards Personalized Fashion Styling via Hierarchical Negative Feedbackcited by 5
  32. 2026STAR-S: Improving Safety Alignment through Self-Taught Reasoning on Safety Rulescited by 3
  33. 2026VULCA-Bench: A Multicultural Vision-Language Benchmark for Evaluating Cultural Understandingcited by 3
  34. 2026ToolAnchor: Anchoring Counterfactual Context to Boost Agentic Tool-use Capabilitycited by 1

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Citing papers per year: 2026: 1.

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  1. 2025Drive-R1: Bridging Reasoning and Planning in VLMs for Autonomous Driving with Reinforcement Learning
  2. 2026Drive the Thoughts: Runtime Monitoring of VLA Reasoning-Trajectory Consistency
  3. 2025CoT4AD: A Vision-Language-Action Model with Explicit Chain-of-Thought Reasoning for Autonomous Driving
  4. 2026LaST-VLA: Thinking in Latent Spatio-Temporal Space for Vision-Language-Action in Autonomous Driving
  5. 2026AnchorVLA: Bridging Discrete Decisions and Continuous Trajectories for Vision-Language-Action Planning
  6. 2026AnchorReasoning: A Visual Grounding and Causal Reasoning Dataset in Long-Tail Autonomous Driving Scenarios
  7. 2026Xiaomi OneVL: One-Step Latent Reasoning and Planning with Vision-Language Explanation
  8. 2025ColaVLA: Leveraging Cognitive Latent Reasoning for Hierarchical Parallel Trajectory Planning in Autonomous Driving