mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

HANDBOOK.md: A Benchmark for Long-Context Agentic Instruction Following

arXiv 2607.25398 ↗First posted 28 Jul 2026cs.AI cs.CLcited by 2

On the map: LLM agents and tool use → Agent skill learning and evolution

Abstract (arXiv)

Language-model agents are increasingly deployed under standing instructions: a system prompt, a policy file, or a skills document is placed in context, and the agent is trusted to let that document govern every action that follows. Existing benchmarks rarely test this deployment pattern directly; they measure whether an agent can complete a task, not whether a long, binding policy document constrains its behavior over an extended tool-use horizon. We present HANDBOOK_md, a benchmark of 65 agentic tasks modeled on how employees follow company handbooks. Each task places an agent in a self-contained company environment (a file workspace with mock email, chat, calendar, issue-tracking, and commerce services exposed over the Model Context Protocol) and instructs it to carry out routine professional work governed by an expert-written standard operating procedure of 20-124 pages. Tasks span five domains (finance, medical billing, insurance, logistics, and HR) and 10 fictional companies. To resist memorization, every task modifies one of 10 base handbooks, altering the specific rules and thresholds on which grading depends, so no two tasks share the same set of policies. Grading is fully deterministic: each task carries a rubric of programmatic criteria (824 in total) that check both that required actions occurred and that prohibited actions did not. Under strict grading, where a trial passes only if every criterion is satisfied, the strongest evaluated model passes 36.2% of trials, and most frontier models remain below 25%. Failures follow consistent patterns: agents let a plausible but unauthorized in-environment request override the standing policy, perform a required check and then act against its result, lose rule details over long horizons, and report compliance they did not achieve. We release the tasks, environments, and evaluation harness.

Key facts. Cited by 2 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Agent skill learning and evolution, one of 16 directions in LLM agents and tool use. Builds on 30 of its 33 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 28 Jul 2026.

Builds on

30 of 33 references.

References · 30

  1. 2023Lost in the Middle: How Language Models Use Long Contextscited by 3,383
  2. 2023SWE-bench: Can Language Models Resolve Real-World GitHub Issues?cited by 3,193
  3. 2023WebArena: A Realistic Web Environment for Building Autonomous Agentscited by 1,908
  4. 2023LongBench: A Bilingual, Multitask Benchmark for Long Context Understandingcited by 1,378
  5. 2024τ-bench: A Benchmark for Tool-Agent-User Interaction in Real-World Domainscited by 1,280
  6. 2024RULER: What's the Real Context Size of Your Long-Context Language Models?cited by 1,270
  7. 2023AgentBench: Evaluating LLMs as Agentscited by 1,211
  8. 2023Instruction-Following Evaluation for Large Language Modelscited by 1,143
  9. 2024OSWorld: Benchmarking Multimodal Agents for Open-Ended Tasks in Real Computer Environmentscited by 1,134
  10. 2023GAIA: a benchmark for General AI Assistantscited by 1,084
  11. 2024OpenHands: An Open Platform for AI Software Developers as Generalist Agentscited by 956
  12. 2025τ2-Bench: Evaluating Conversational Agents in a Dual-Control Environmentcited by 558
18 more
  1. 2024The Instruction Hierarchy: Training LLMs to Prioritize Privileged Instructionscited by 441
  2. 2024AppWorld: A Controllable World of Apps and People for Benchmarking Interactive Coding Agentscited by 359
  3. 2024WorkArena: How Capable Are Web Agents at Solving Common Knowledge Work Tasks?cited by 348
  4. 2024TheAgentCompany: Benchmarking LLM Agents on Consequential Real World Taskscited by 306
  5. 2024LiveBench: A Challenging, Contamination-Limited LLM Benchmarkcited by 242
  6. 2025GDPval: Evaluating AI Model Performance on Real-World Economically Valuable Taskscited by 142
  7. 2024ST-WebAgentBench: A Benchmark for Evaluating Safety and Trustworthiness in Web Agentscited by 126
  8. 2025NoLiMa: Long-Context Evaluation Beyond Literal Matchingcited by 120
  9. 2024HELMET: How to Evaluate Long-Context Language Models Effectively and Thoroughlycited by 119
  10. 2023FollowBench: A Multi-level Fine-grained Constraints Following Benchmark for Large Language Modelscited by 112
  11. 2024Multi-IF: Benchmarking LLMs on Multi-Turn and Multilingual Instructions Followingcited by 94
  12. 2025Vending-Bench: A Benchmark for Long-Term Coherence of Autonomous Agentscited by 75
  13. 2025CRMArena-Pro: Holistic Assessment of LLM Agents Across Diverse Business Scenarios and Interactionscited by 46
  14. 2025SOP-Bench: Complex Industrial SOPs for Evaluating LLM Agentscited by 19
  15. 2025Towards Enforcing Company Policy Adherence in Agentic Workflowscited by 17
  16. 2026LOCA-bench: Benchmarking Language Agents Under Controllable and Extreme Context Growthcited by 12
  17. 2026Beyond IVR: Benchmarking Customer Support LLM Agents for Business-Adherencecited by 11
  18. 2026Reason Less, Verify More: Deterministic Gates Recover a Silent Policy-Violation Failure Mode in Tool-Using LLM Agentscited by 8

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2026: 2.

2 papers.

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2025AGENTIF: Benchmarking Instruction Following of Large Language Models in Agentic Scenarios
  2. 2026From Anatomy to Smells: An Empirical Study of SKILL.md in Agent Skills
  3. 2026Skill-Use: Can LLMs Actually Use Skills in Agentic Harnesses?
  4. 2026SkillJuror: Measuring How Agent Skill Organization Changes Runtime Behavior
  5. 2026OneMillion-Bench: How Far are Language Agents from Human Experts?
  6. 2026Agent Skills for Large Language Models: Architecture, Acquisition, Security, and the Path Forward
  7. 2026A Framework for Evaluating Agentic Skills at Scale
  8. 2025GuideBench: Benchmarking Domain-Oriented Guideline Following for LLM Agents