PRPO: Perception-Reinforced Policy Optimization via Token-Level Dynamic Advantage Reshaping

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has become an effective paradigm for improving the reasoning capability of Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs). However, existing RLVR methods primarily rely on trajectory-level outcome rewards, which assign identical learning signals across all generated tokens. This coarse-grained credit assignment is fundamentally mismatched to multimodal reasoning, where only a sparse subset of tokens is causally grounded in visual evidence. Consequently, these pivotal perceptual tokens receive weak supervision and are often overwhelmed by language priors or reasoning-template tokens. To address this limitation, we propose Perception-Reinforced Policy Optimization (PRPO), a token-level reinforcement learning framework that explicitly identifies and reinforces pivotal perceptual tokens within long-horizon multimodal reasoning trajectories. PRPO introduces Robust Visual Dependency (RVD), a principled metric that identifies tokens whose predictions are both visually grounded and perturbation-stable, filtering out brittle or noisy visual tokens. Based on RVD, we further propose Perceptual Advantage Reshaping (PAR), a token-level credit assignment technique that amplifies perceptually informative tokens while preserving stable gradients for non-perceptual tokens. Extensive experiments on seven multimodal reasoning benchmarks demonstrate that PRPO consistently outperforms strong LVLM baselines across both 3B and 7B model scales, achieving average gains of 23.3% and 21.1%, respectively. PRPO achieves state-of-the-art performance with improved training efficiency and stronger cross-task generalization. Our findings highlight the importance of fine-grained credit assignment for scalable multimodal reinforcement learning.