mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

What Training Data Teaches RL Memory Agents: An Empirical Study of Curriculum Effects in Memory-Augmented QA

arXiv 2605.23067 ↗First posted 21 May 2026cs.CLcited by 0

On the map: LLM agents and tool use → Agent memory systems

Abstract (arXiv)

Reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as a viable recipe for training LLM agents to reason over external memory banks in multi-session dialogue. Existing work trains exclusively on a single benchmark, leaving open how the composition of training data shapes the skills a memory agent acquires. We present a controlled empirical study that holds architecture, RL algorithm, and all hyperparameters fixed and varies only the training curriculum across three conditions: in-domain (LoCoMo), mixed-benchmark (LoCoMo + LongMemEval), and out-of-domain (LongMemEval only). Across two benchmarks and ten question types, curriculum composition acts as a fine-grained lever on specialization rather than a uniform scaling factor on performance. The mixed curriculum yields the strongest overall F1 on both evaluation sets. Training on a narrow out-of-domain set transfers a targeted skill - temporal reasoning - despite weak aggregate performance. Per-type differences substantially exceed aggregate differences, indicating that single-number benchmark comparisons systematically underreport curriculum effects. We further report two practical lessons from adapting GRPO to a single-GPU regime: cross-benchmark mixing requires filtering format-specific noise from memory banks to preserve training signal, and binary exact-match reward produces no learning signal at the small group sizes (G = 4) required on one GPU, motivating continuous reward functions in this regime.

Key facts. No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Agent memory systems, one of 16 directions in LLM agents and tool use. Builds on 24 of its 28 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 21 May 2026.

Builds on

24 of 28 references.

Closest ancestors · 5

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2025Memory-R1: Enhancing Large Language Model Agents to Manage and Utilize Memories via Reinforcement Learning27 Aug
  2. 2025Mem0: Building Production-Ready AI Agents with Scalable Long-Term Memory28 Apr
  3. 2025A-MEM: Agentic Memory for LLM Agents17 Feb
  4. 2025Zep: A Temporal Knowledge Graph Architecture for Agent Memory20 Jan
  5. 2024Evaluating Very Long-Term Conversational Memory of LLM Agents27 Feb

Other references · 19

  1. 2022Training language models to follow instructions with human feedbackcited by 15,971
  2. 2017Proximal Policy Optimization Algorithmscited by 15,215
  3. 2024DeepSeekMath: Pushing the Limits of Mathematical Reasoning in Open Language Modelscited by 9,379
  4. 2020Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Knowledge-Intensive NLP Taskscited by 9,297
  5. 2019Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networkscited by 9,170
  6. 2023Direct Preference Optimization: Your Language Model is Secretly a Reward Modelcited by 8,065
  7. 2024Qwen2.5 Technical Reportcited by 4,942
  8. 2023Reflexion: Language Agents with Verbal Reinforcement Learningcited by 4,276
  9. 2019Parameter-Efficient Transfer Learning for NLPcited by 4,236
  10. 2020Dense Passage Retrieval for Open-Domain Question Answeringcited by 3,824
  11. 2023QLoRA: Efficient Finetuning of Quantized LLMscited by 3,418
  12. 2023MemGPT: Towards LLMs as Operating Systemscited by 1,389
7 more
  1. 2024LongMemEval: Benchmarking Chat Assistants on Long-Term Interactive Memorycited by 707
  2. 2021Beyond Goldfish Memory: Long-Term Open-Domain Conversationcited by 267
  3. 2017Automated Curriculum Learning for Neural Networkscited by 257
  4. 2022Defining and Characterizing Reward Hackingcited by 203
  5. 2025Curriculum Reinforcement Learning from Easy to Hard Tasks Improves LLM Reasoningcited by 92
  6. 2025DUMP: Automated Distribution-Level Curriculum Learning for RL-based LLM Post-trainingcited by 46
  7. 2025VCRL: Variance-based Curriculum Reinforcement Learning for Large Language Modelscited by 36

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  1. 2026Beyond Reasoning: Reinforcement Learning Unlocks Parametric Knowledge in LLMs
  2. 2025Reshaping Reasoning in LLMs: A Theoretical Analysis of RL Training Dynamics through Pattern Selection
  3. 2025On the Interplay of Pre-Training, Mid-Training, and RL on Reasoning Language Models
  4. 2024TeaMs-RL: Teaching LLMs to Generate Better Instruction Datasets via Reinforcement Learning
  5. 2026RL Excursions during Pre-Training: Re-examining Policy Optimization for LLM training
  6. 2025Revisiting Reinforcement Learning for LLM Reasoning from A Cross-Domain Perspective
  7. 2025Reinforcement Learning Meets Large Language Models: A Survey of Advancements and Applications Across the LLM Lifecycle
  8. 2025Rethinking RL Evaluation: Can Benchmarks Truly Reveal Failures of RL Methods?