FLARE: One-Shot PE-Level Fault Localization in Systolic Arrays via Algebraic Test Vectors

Systolic arrays are the dominant compute fabric for neural network inference. Prior work has addressed column-level fault detection efficiently with uniform test patterns, but row-level (PE-level) fault localization within a faulty column remains open without resorting to hardware redundancy. The fundamental obstacle is that uniform test inputs destroy per-row signatures: any test that activates every row equally cannot distinguish which row is the source of an observed deviation. In this paper, we propose a lightweight, purely algorithmic remedy based on coprime test vectors. By assigning pairwise coprime integers as test-input entries, a permanent weight-register fault produces a deviation whose divisibility signature uniquely identifies the faulty row. Under a general bounded error model, a single test pass localizes the faulty row with high probability. This error model covers a broader class of faults than what prior dataflow-aware testing work has primarily emphasized. When one round is insufficient, a second pass using a ratio computation achieves exact localization; for the special case of single-bit errors, odd coprime entries guarantee exact localization in one round. For INT16 arithmetic, a single test pass covers array sizes up to 256×256 with localization probability above 0.98, at a test cost under 1% of one inference GEMM tile.