Learning from the Near Future: Temporal Self-Distillation for RLVR

Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) is a core post-training recipe for reasoning models, yet pure on-policy learning can be inefficient when useful trajectories are difficult to discover or exploration narrows. Existing self-guided approaches largely reuse capability already available to the current or earlier learner. We instead ask whether learning can also make use of capabilities that emerge later in training: can a model learn from its own future self? We introduce temporal self-distillation, in which a policy receives guidance from a stronger later checkpoint of itself. We hypothesize that the most useful temporal teacher need not be the strongest one: a teacher must provide sufficiently new capability while remaining compatible enough for that capability to be readily transferred, motivating a near-future regime. We study this principle through two complementary mechanisms. Near-Future Policy Optimization (NPO) performs off-policy behavioral transfer using verified future-self trajectories, while Near-Future Policy Distillation (NPD) performs on-policy token-level transfer on learner-generated trajectories. We further introduce AutoNPO, which adaptively determines when temporal guidance is useful and how far to roll back, turning future-self guidance into a repeated self-bootstrap process. Across eight image-text benchmarks, NPO improves GRPO from 60.25 to 62.84 and AutoNPO reaches 63.15, with consistent gains on text-only and video reasoning. Under NPD, a near-future teacher reaches 63.23 after continued RL versus 61.92 with a far-future teacher, despite lower immediate post-distillation performance. Together, these results suggest that effective temporal self-distillation depends not simply on teacher strength, but on a balance between newly acquired capability and learner compatibility.