mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

ClawKeeper: Comprehensive Safety Protection for OpenClaw Agents Through Skills, Plugins, and Watchers

arXiv 2603.24414 ↗First posted 25 Mar 2026cs.CR cs.AIcited by 18

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Abstract (arXiv)

OpenClaw has rapidly established itself as a leading open-source autonomous agent runtime, offering powerful capabilities including tool integration, local file access, and shell command execution. However, these broad operational privileges introduce critical security vulnerabilities, transforming model errors into tangible system-level threats such as sensitive data leakage, privilege escalation, and malicious third-party skill execution. Existing security measures for the OpenClaw ecosystem remain highly fragmented, addressing only isolated stages of the agent lifecycle rather than providing holistic protection. To bridge this gap, we present ClawKeeper, a real-time security framework that integrates multi-dimensional protection mechanisms across three complementary architectural layers. (1) Skill-based protection operates at the instruction level, injecting structured security policies directly into the agent context to enforce environment-specific constraints and cross-platform boundaries. (2) Plugin-based protection serves as an internal runtime enforcer, providing configuration hardening, proactive threat detection, and continuous behavioral monitoring throughout the execution pipeline. (3) Watcher-based protection introduces a novel, decoupled system-level security middleware that continuously verifies agent state evolution. It enables real-time execution intervention without coupling to the agent's internal logic, supporting operations such as halting high-risk actions or enforcing human confirmation. We argue that this Watcher paradigm holds strong potential to serve as a foundational building block for securing next-generation autonomous agent systems. Extensive qualitative and quantitative evaluations demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of ClawKeeper across diverse threat scenarios. We release our code.

Key facts. Cited by 18 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 22 of its 36 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 25 Mar 2026.

Builds on

22 of 36 references.

References · 22

  1. 2022ReAct: Synergizing Reasoning and Acting in Language Modelscited by 8,355
  2. 2023A Survey on Large Language Model based Autonomous Agentscited by 2,203
  3. 2023Voyager: An Open-Ended Embodied Agent with Large Language Modelscited by 2,081
  4. 2023MetaGPT: Meta Programming for A Multi-Agent Collaborative Frameworkcited by 1,761
  5. 2024Agent Security Bench (ASB): Formalizing and Benchmarking Attacks and Defenses in LLM-based Agentscited by 341
  6. 2024Agent-SafetyBench: Evaluating the Safety of LLM Agentscited by 280
  7. 2025Prompt Injection Attack to Tool Selection in LLM Agentscited by 145
  8. 2024Prompt Infection: LLM-to-LLM Prompt Injection within Multi-Agent Systemscited by 126
  9. 2024AI Agents Under Threat: A Survey of Key Security Challenges and Future Pathwayscited by 122
  10. 2024BadAgent: Inserting and Activating Backdoor Attacks in LLM Agentscited by 106
  11. 2025From Prompt Injections to Protocol Exploits: Threats in LLM-Powered AI Agents Workflowscited by 57
  12. 2026Memory Poisoning Attack and Defense on Memory Based LLM-Agentscited by 40
10 more
  1. 2026From Assistant to Double Agent: Formalizing and Benchmarking Attacks on OpenClaw for Personalized Local AI Agentcited by 27
  2. 2026Don't Let the Claw Grip Your Hand: A Security Analysis and Defense Framework for OpenClawcited by 26
  3. 2026The Attack and Defense Landscape of Agentic AI: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 26
  4. 2026Taming OpenClaw: Security Analysis and Mitigation of Autonomous LLM Agent Threatscited by 25
  5. 2026Uncovering Security Threats and Architecting Defenses in Autonomous Agents: A Case Study of OpenClawcited by 18
  6. 2026From Storage to Steering: Memory Control Flow Attacks on LLM Agentscited by 17
  7. 2026A Trajectory-Based Safety Audit of Clawdbot (OpenClaw)cited by 15
  8. 2026AgentWorm: Self-Propagating Attacks Across LLM Agent Ecosystemscited by 15
  9. 2025OpenGuardrails: A Configurable, Unified, and Scalable Guardrails Platform for Large Language Modelscited by 3
  10. 2026Agent Privilege Separation in OpenClaw: A Structural Defense Against Prompt Injectioncited by 2

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2026: 18.

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  1. 2026A Systematic Security Evaluation of OpenClaw and Its Variantscited by 11
  2. 2026Auditing Agent Harness Safetycited by 8
  3. 2026AgentDoG 1.5: A Lightweight and Scalable Alignment Framework for AI Agent Safety and Securitycited by 7
  4. 2026LivePI: More Realistic Benchmarking of Agents Against Indirect Prompt Injectioncited by 3
  5. 2026SUDP: Secret-Use Delegation Protocol for Agentic Systemscited by 2
  6. 2026TimeClaw: A Time-Series AI Agent with Exploratory Execution Learningcited by 2
  7. 2026Red-Teaming Agent Execution Contexts: Open-World Security Evaluation on OpenClawcited by 2
  8. 2026ASEval: Automated Trajectory-Level Security Testing for Autonomous Agentscited by 2
  9. 2026CapSeal: Capability-Sealed Secret Mediation for Secure Agent Executioncited by 1
  10. 2026Security of OpenClaw Agents: Fundamentals, Attacks, and Countermeasurescited by 1
  11. 2026SeClaw: Spec-Driven Security Task Synthesis for Evaluating Autonomous Agentscited by 1
  12. 2026From Craft to Kernel: A Governance-First Execution Architecture and Semantic ISA for Agentic Computerscited by 0
6 more
  1. 2026Securing Computer-Use Agents: A Unified Architecture-Lifecycle Framework for Deployment-Grounded Reliabilitycited by 0
  2. 2026Understanding and mitigating the risks of OpenClaw for non-technical users: A practical guide with Skillcited by 0
  3. 2026Hybrid Analysis for Secure MCP Tool Use in LLM Agentscited by 0
  4. 2026Beyond Handcrafted Security: Towards Self-Evolving Defense for LLM Agentscited by 0
  5. 2026A Blind Trust, the Bloody Thrust: When Attacker-Controlled Hook Updates Steer AI Agent Harnesses towards Malicious Behaviorscited by 0
  6. 2026Deny Without Disabling: Authorization-Paired Evaluation and Control for Multi-Agent Systemscited by 0