A Trajectory-Based Safety Audit of Clawdbot (OpenClaw)
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Abstract (arXiv)
Clawdbot is a self-hosted, tool-using personal AI agent with a broad action space spanning local execution and web-mediated workflows, which raises heightened safety and security concerns under ambiguity and adversarial steering. We present a trajectory-centric evaluation of Clawdbot across six risk dimensions. Our test suite samples and lightly adapts scenarios from prior agent-safety benchmarks (including ATBench and LPS-Bench) and supplements them with hand-designed cases tailored to Clawdbot's tool surface. We log complete interaction trajectories (messages, actions, tool-call arguments/outputs) and assess safety using both an automated trajectory judge (AgentDoG-Qwen3-4B) and human review. Across 34 canonical cases, we find a non-uniform safety profile: performance is generally consistent on reliability-focused tasks, while most failures arise under underspecified intent, open-ended goals, or benign-seeming jailbreak prompts, where minor misinterpretations can escalate into higher-impact tool actions. We supplemented the overall results with representative case studies and summarized the commonalities of these cases, analyzing the security vulnerabilities and typical failure modes that Clawdbot is prone to trigger in practice.
Key facts. Cited by 15 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 6 of its 29 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 16 Feb 2026.
Builds on
6 of 29 references.
References · 6
- 2023A Survey on Hallucination in Large Language Models: Principles, Taxonomy, Challenges, and Open Questionscited by 1,582
- 2026AgentDoG: A Diagnostic Guardrail Framework for AI Agent Safety and Securitycited by 41
- 2024Reducing Tool Hallucination via Reliability Alignmentcited by 37
- 2025Are Your Agents Upward Deceivers?cited by 11
- 2026AgenTRIM: Tool Risk Mitigation for Agentic AIcited by 9
- 2026LPS-Bench: Benchmarking Safety Awareness of Computer-Use Agents in Long-Horizon Planning under Benign and Adversarial Scenarioscited by 8
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Citing papers per year: 2026: 15.
15 papers.
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- 2026Taming OpenClaw: Security Analysis and Mitigation of Autonomous LLM Agent Threatscited by 25
- 2026ClawKeeper: Comprehensive Safety Protection for OpenClaw Agents Through Skills, Plugins, and Watcherscited by 18
- 2026Quantifying Trust: Financial Risk Management for Trustworthy AI Agentscited by 8
- 2026Auditing Agent Harness Safetycited by 8
- 2026Mind Your HEARTBEAT! Claw Background Execution Inherently Enables Silent Memory Pollutioncited by 5
- 2026Understanding and Evaluating Claw-like Agent Security Through a Computer-Systems Lenscited by 5
- 2026BraveGuard: From Open-World Threats to Safer Computer-Use Agentscited by 4
- 2026SafeClawBench: Separating Semantic, Audit-Evidence, and Sandbox Harm in Tool-Using LLM Agentscited by 2
- 2026When Claws Remember but Do Not Tell: Stealthy Memory Injection in Persistent Personal Agentscited by 2
- 2026How do AI agents talk about science and research? An exploration of scientific discussions on Moltbook using BERTopiccited by 1
- 2026Examining Users' Behavioural Intention to Use OpenClaw Through the Cognition--Affect--Conation Frameworkcited by 1
- 2026Security of OpenClaw Agents: Fundamentals, Attacks, and Countermeasurescited by 1
- 2026Concepts for Securing Agentic AI Coding and the Terok Environment24 Aug 2026
- 2026SynChain: Inducing Computer-Use Agent Systems to Construct Their Own Attack Chains7 Aug 2026
- 2026When Claws Remember but Do Not Tell: Stealthy Memory Injection in Persistent Personal Agents6 Jul 2026
- 2026Understanding and Evaluating Claw-like Agent Security Through a Computer-Systems Lens29 Jun 2026
- 2026SafeClawBench: Separating Semantic, Audit-Evidence, and Sandbox Harm in Tool-Using LLM Agents16 Jun 2026
- 2026Understanding and mitigating the risks of OpenClaw for non-technical users: A practical guide with Skill9 Jun 2026
- 2026BraveGuard: From Open-World Threats to Safer Computer-Use Agents31 May 2026
- 2026Security of OpenClaw Agents: Fundamentals, Attacks, and Countermeasures25 May 2026
- 2026Auditing Agent Harness Safety14 May 2026
- 2026Quantifying Trust: Financial Risk Management for Trustworthy AI Agents5 Apr 2026
- 2026ClawKeeper: Comprehensive Safety Protection for OpenClaw Agents Through Skills, Plugins, and Watchers25 Mar 2026
- 2026Mind Your HEARTBEAT! Claw Background Execution Inherently Enables Silent Memory Pollution24 Mar 2026
3 more
- 2026Taming OpenClaw: Security Analysis and Mitigation of Autonomous LLM Agent Threats12 Mar 2026
- 2026Examining Users' Behavioural Intention to Use OpenClaw Through the Cognition--Affect--Conation Framework12 Mar 2026
- 2026How do AI agents talk about science and research? An exploration of scientific discussions on Moltbook using BERTopic11 Mar 2026
- 2026Taming OpenClaw: Security Analysis and Mitigation of Autonomous LLM Agent Threatscited by 25
- 2026Auditing Agent Harness Safetycited by 8
- 2026Understanding and Evaluating Claw-like Agent Security Through a Computer-Systems Lenscited by 5
- 2026BraveGuard: From Open-World Threats to Safer Computer-Use Agentscited by 4
- 2026SafeClawBench: Separating Semantic, Audit-Evidence, and Sandbox Harm in Tool-Using LLM Agentscited by 2
- 2026When Claws Remember but Do Not Tell: Stealthy Memory Injection in Persistent Personal Agentscited by 2
- 2026Security of OpenClaw Agents: Fundamentals, Attacks, and Countermeasurescited by 1
- 2026SynChain: Inducing Computer-Use Agent Systems to Construct Their Own Attack Chainscited by 0
- 2026SynChain: Inducing Computer-Use Agent Systems to Construct Their Own Attack Chains7 Aug 2026
- 2026When Claws Remember but Do Not Tell: Stealthy Memory Injection in Persistent Personal Agents6 Jul 2026
- 2026Understanding and Evaluating Claw-like Agent Security Through a Computer-Systems Lens29 Jun 2026
- 2026SafeClawBench: Separating Semantic, Audit-Evidence, and Sandbox Harm in Tool-Using LLM Agents16 Jun 2026
- 2026BraveGuard: From Open-World Threats to Safer Computer-Use Agents31 May 2026
- 2026Security of OpenClaw Agents: Fundamentals, Attacks, and Countermeasures25 May 2026
- 2026Auditing Agent Harness Safety14 May 2026
- 2026Taming OpenClaw: Security Analysis and Mitigation of Autonomous LLM Agent Threats12 Mar 2026
- 2026ClawKeeper: Comprehensive Safety Protection for OpenClaw Agents Through Skills, Plugins, and Watcherscited by 18
- 2026Quantifying Trust: Financial Risk Management for Trustworthy AI Agentscited by 8
- 2026Mind Your HEARTBEAT! Claw Background Execution Inherently Enables Silent Memory Pollutioncited by 5
- 2026How do AI agents talk about science and research? An exploration of scientific discussions on Moltbook using BERTopiccited by 1
- 2026Examining Users' Behavioural Intention to Use OpenClaw Through the Cognition--Affect--Conation Frameworkcited by 1
- 2026Understanding and mitigating the risks of OpenClaw for non-technical users: A practical guide with Skillcited by 0
- 2026Concepts for Securing Agentic AI Coding and the Terok Environmentcited by 0
- 2026Concepts for Securing Agentic AI Coding and the Terok Environment24 Aug 2026
- 2026Understanding and mitigating the risks of OpenClaw for non-technical users: A practical guide with Skill9 Jun 2026
- 2026Quantifying Trust: Financial Risk Management for Trustworthy AI Agents5 Apr 2026
- 2026ClawKeeper: Comprehensive Safety Protection for OpenClaw Agents Through Skills, Plugins, and Watchers25 Mar 2026
- 2026Mind Your HEARTBEAT! Claw Background Execution Inherently Enables Silent Memory Pollution24 Mar 2026
- 2026Examining Users' Behavioural Intention to Use OpenClaw Through the Cognition--Affect--Conation Framework12 Mar 2026
- 2026How do AI agents talk about science and research? An exploration of scientific discussions on Moltbook using BERTopic11 Mar 2026