mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

A Trajectory-Based Safety Audit of Clawdbot (OpenClaw)

arXiv 2602.14364 ↗First posted 16 Feb 2026cs.CR cs.AIcited by 15

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Abstract (arXiv)

Clawdbot is a self-hosted, tool-using personal AI agent with a broad action space spanning local execution and web-mediated workflows, which raises heightened safety and security concerns under ambiguity and adversarial steering. We present a trajectory-centric evaluation of Clawdbot across six risk dimensions. Our test suite samples and lightly adapts scenarios from prior agent-safety benchmarks (including ATBench and LPS-Bench) and supplements them with hand-designed cases tailored to Clawdbot's tool surface. We log complete interaction trajectories (messages, actions, tool-call arguments/outputs) and assess safety using both an automated trajectory judge (AgentDoG-Qwen3-4B) and human review. Across 34 canonical cases, we find a non-uniform safety profile: performance is generally consistent on reliability-focused tasks, while most failures arise under underspecified intent, open-ended goals, or benign-seeming jailbreak prompts, where minor misinterpretations can escalate into higher-impact tool actions. We supplemented the overall results with representative case studies and summarized the commonalities of these cases, analyzing the security vulnerabilities and typical failure modes that Clawdbot is prone to trigger in practice.

Key facts. Cited by 15 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 6 of its 29 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 16 Feb 2026.

Builds on

6 of 29 references.

References · 6

  1. 2023A Survey on Hallucination in Large Language Models: Principles, Taxonomy, Challenges, and Open Questionscited by 1,582
  2. 2026AgentDoG: A Diagnostic Guardrail Framework for AI Agent Safety and Securitycited by 41
  3. 2024Reducing Tool Hallucination via Reliability Alignmentcited by 37
  4. 2025Are Your Agents Upward Deceivers?cited by 11
  5. 2026AgenTRIM: Tool Risk Mitigation for Agentic AIcited by 9
  6. 2026LPS-Bench: Benchmarking Safety Awareness of Computer-Use Agents in Long-Horizon Planning under Benign and Adversarial Scenarioscited by 8

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2026: 15.

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