A Unified Candidate Set with Scene-Adaptive Refinement via Diffusion for End-to-End Autonomous Driving
On the map: End-to-end autonomous driving → Imitation-learning end-to-end planners
Abstract (arXiv)
End-to-end autonomous driving is increasingly adopting a multimodal planning paradigm that generates multiple trajectory candidates and selects the final plan, making candidate-set design critical. A fixed trajectory vocabulary provides stable coverage in routine driving but often misses optimal solutions in complex interactions, while scene-adaptive refinement can cause over-correction in simple scenarios by unnecessarily perturbing already strong vocabulary trajectories.We propose CdDrive, which preserves the original vocabulary candidates and augments them with scene-adaptive candidates generated by vocabulary-conditioned diffusion denoising. Both candidate types are jointly scored by a shared selection module, enabling reliable performance across routine and highly interactive scenarios. We further introduce HATNA (Horizon-Aware Trajectory Noise Adapter) to improve the smoothness and geometric continuity of diffusion candidates via temporal smoothing and horizon-aware noise modulation. Experiments on NAVSIM v1 and NAVSIM v2 demonstrate leading performance, and ablations verify the contribution of each component. Code: https://github.com/WWW-TJ/CdDrive.
Key facts. Cited by 1 paper in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Imitation-learning end-to-end planners, one of 9 directions in End-to-end autonomous driving. Builds on 36 of its 40 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 3 Feb 2026.
Builds on
36 of 40 references.
Closest ancestors · 9
Same direction, newest first
- 2025DiffRefiner: Coarse to Fine Trajectory Planning via Diffusion Refinement with Semantic Interaction for End to End Autonomous Driving21 Nov
- 2025Zero-Human Demonstration End-to-end Autonomous Driving with Trajectory Scorer28 Oct
- 2025DriveDPO: Policy Learning via Safety DPO For End-to-End Autonomous Driving22 Sep
- 2025TransDiffuser: Diverse Trajectory Generation with Decorrelated Multi-modal Representation for End-to-end Autonomous Driving14 May
- 2025GoalFlow: Goal-Driven Flow Matching for Multimodal Trajectories Generation in End-to-End Autonomous Driving7 Mar
- 2025Diffusion-Based Planning for Autonomous Driving with Flexible Guidance26 Jan
- 2024DiffusionDrive: Truncated Diffusion Model for End-to-End Autonomous Driving22 Nov
- 2024Gen-Drive: Enhancing Diffusion Generative Driving Policies with Reward Modeling and Reinforcement Learning Fine-tuning8 Oct
- 2024VADv2: End-to-End Vectorized Autonomous Driving via Probabilistic Planning20 Feb
Other references · 27
- 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
- 2020Denoising Diffusion Implicit Modelscited by 9,655
- 2023Diffusion Policy: Visuomotor Policy Learning via Action Diffusioncited by 2,730
- 2022Planning-oriented Autonomous Drivingcited by 1,068
- 2023VAD: Vectorized Scene Representation for Efficient Autonomous Drivingcited by 613
- 2021NuPlan: A closed-loop ML-based planning benchmark for autonomous vehiclescited by 485
- 2023End-to-end Autonomous Driving: Challenges and Frontierscited by 485
- 2022TransFuser: Imitation with Transformer-Based Sensor Fusion for Autonomous Drivingcited by 477
- 2021Multi-Modal Fusion Transformer for End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 372
- 2024NAVSIM: Data-Driven Non-Reactive Autonomous Vehicle Simulation and Benchmarkingcited by 343
- 2024Hydra-MDP: End-to-end Multimodal Planning with Multi-target Hydra-Distillationcited by 244
- 2024SparseDrive: End-to-End Autonomous Driving via Sparse Scene Representationcited by 239
15 more
- 2023Parting with Misconceptions about Learning-based Vehicle Motion Planningcited by 238
- 2020Fast and Furious: Real Time End-to-End 3D Detection, Tracking and Motion Forecasting with a Single Convolutional Netcited by 228
- 2024Enhancing End-to-End Autonomous Driving with Latent World Modelcited by 161
- 2025End-to-End Driving with Online Trajectory Evaluation via BEV World Modelcited by 145
- 2020PnPNet: End-to-End Perception and Prediction with Tracking in the Loopcited by 143
- 2025Pseudo-Simulation for Autonomous Drivingcited by 141
- 2025Hydra-MDP++: Advancing End-to-End Driving via Expert-Guided Hydra-Distillationcited by 93
- 2025DriveSuprim: Towards Precise Trajectory Selection for End-to-End Planningcited by 91
- 2024DRAMA: An Efficient End-to-end Motion Planner for Autonomous Driving with Mambacited by 87
- 2025ARTEMIS: Autoregressive End-to-End Trajectory Planning with Mixture of Experts for Autonomous Drivingcited by 66
- 2025Centaur: Robust End-to-End Autonomous Driving with Test-Time Trainingcited by 41
- 2025iPad: Iterative Proposal-centric End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 41
- 2025HiP-AD: Hierarchical and Multi-Granularity Planning with Deformable Attention for Autonomous Driving in a Single Decodercited by 35
- 2025ResAD: Normalized Residual Trajectory Modeling for End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 12
- 2024QuAD: Query-based Interpretable Neural Motion Planning for Autonomous Drivingcited by 11
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Citing papers per year: 2026: 1.
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- 2026Adaptive-WAM: Quality-Guided Early-Exit Planning from Intermediate Video-Diffusion Features
- 2024Controllable Diverse Sampling for Diffusion Based Motion Behavior Forecasting
- 2026FeaXDrive: Feasibility-aware Trajectory-Centric Diffusion Planning for End-to-End Autonomous Driving
- 2026CLEAR: Cognition and Latent Evaluation for Adaptive Routing in End-to-End Autonomous Driving
- 2024Intention-aware Denoising Diffusion Model for Trajectory Prediction