mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Nex-N1: Agentic Models Trained via a Unified Ecosystem for Large-Scale Environment Construction

arXiv 2512.04987 ↗First posted 4 Dec 2025cs.CLcited by 17

On the map: LLM agents and tool use → General LLM agent frameworks and benchmarks

Abstract (arXiv)

The evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs) from passive responders to autonomous agents necessitates a fundamental shift in learning paradigms -- from static imitation to incentive-driven decision making. However, this transition is significantly impeded by the lack of scalable infrastructure capable of constructing high-quality interaction signals for effective policy learning. To address this, we introduce a comprehensive method designed to systematically scale the diversity and complexity of interactive environments. Our method realizes this scaling by addressing three orthogonal dimensions: (1) Complexity: NexAU, a flexible agent framework that supports building complex agent hierarchies via simple configurations; (2) Diversity: NexA4A automatically generates diverse agent hierarchies from natural language to cover infinite domains; and (3) Fidelity: NexGAP bridges the simulation-reality gap by integrating dynamic real-world environment for grounded trajectories synthesis. We train Nex-N1 upon the diverse and complex interactive environments established by our infrastructure. Empirical results on benchmarks such as SWE-bench and tau2 demonstrate that Nex-N1 consistently outperforms SOTA open-source models and achieves competitive performance against frontier proprietary models on complex agentic tasks. We open-source the Nex ecosystem and model weights to facilitate further research.

Key facts. Cited by 17 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in General LLM agent frameworks and benchmarks, one of 16 directions in LLM agents and tool use. Builds on 18 of its 23 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 4 Dec 2025.

Builds on

18 of 23 references.

Closest ancestors · 3

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2025ARE: Scaling Up Agent Environments and Evaluations21 Sep
  2. 2023The Rise and Potential of Large Language Model Based Agents: A Survey14 Sep
  3. 2023AgentBench: Evaluating LLMs as Agents7 Aug

Other references · 15

  1. 2023GPT-4 Technical Reportcited by 18,396
  2. 2022ReAct: Synergizing Reasoning and Acting in Language Modelscited by 8,695
  3. 2023Reflexion: Language Agents with Verbal Reinforcement Learningcited by 4,276
  4. 2023Toolformer: Language Models Can Teach Themselves to Use Toolscited by 4,182
  5. 2023SWE-bench: Can Language Models Resolve Real-World GitHub Issues?cited by 3,373
  6. 2023Sparks of Artificial General Intelligence: Early experiments with GPT-4cited by 2,592
  7. 2023Voyager: An Open-Ended Embodied Agent with Large Language Modelscited by 2,191
  8. 2023Gorilla: Large Language Model Connected with Massive APIscited by 1,332
  9. 2024DeepSeek-V2: A Strong, Economical, and Efficient Mixture-of-Experts Language Modelcited by 1,135
  10. 2025τ2-Bench: Evaluating Conversational Agents in a Dual-Control Environmentcited by 627
  11. 2023On the Planning Abilities of Large Language Models : A Critical Investigationcited by 312
  12. 2025DeepResearch Bench: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Deep Research Agentscited by 248
3 more
  1. 2025MinerU2.5: A Decoupled Vision-Language Model for Efficient High-Resolution Document Parsingcited by 116
  2. 2025BAPO: Stabilizing Off-Policy Reinforcement Learning for LLMs via Balanced Policy Optimization with Adaptive Clippingcited by 47
  3. 2025BaxBench: Can LLMs Generate Correct and Secure Backends?cited by 41

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2026: 17.

17 papers.

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  1. 2026Agentic Harness Engineering: Observability-Driven Automatic Evolution of Coding-Agent Harnessescited by 142
  2. 2026SWE-chat: Coding Agent Interactions From Real Users in the Wildcited by 43
  3. 2026Stop Comparing LLM Agents Without Disclosing the Harnesscited by 34
  4. 2026Large-Scale Terminal Agentic Trajectory Generation from Dockerized Environmentscited by 33
  5. 2026A Self-Evolving Framework for Efficient Terminal Agents via Observational Context Compressioncited by 15
  6. 2026CONCUR: High-Throughput Agentic Batch Inference of LLM via Congestion-Based Concurrency Controlcited by 14
  7. 2026Harness Handbook: Making Evolving Agent Harnesses Readable,Navigable, and Editablecited by 13
  8. 2026SERA: Soft-Verified Efficient Repository Agentscited by 10
  9. 2026LiteCoder-Terminal: Scaling Long-Horizon Terminal Environments for Learning Language Agentscited by 8
  10. 2026ABC-Bench: Benchmarking Agentic Backend Coding in Real-World Developmentcited by 6
  11. 2026DockSmith: Scaling Reliable Coding Environments via an Agentic Docker Buildercited by 3
  12. 2026daVinci-Agency: Unlocking Long-Horizon Agency Data-Efficientlycited by 3
5 more
  1. 2026ResearchEnvBench: Benchmarking Agents on Environment Synthesis for Research Code Executioncited by 3
  2. 2026AgentGym2: Benchmarking Large Language Model Agents in De-Idealized Real-World Environmentscited by 3
  3. 2026AgentOmnia: Scaling Agentic Models for Full-Scenario Applicationscited by 0
  4. 2026Iris: Climbing to the Search Frontiercited by 0
  5. 2026Mechanics of Long-Context Hybrid Models Part 1.1: From Hybrid Attention to Hybrid Positioncited by 0

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2026Agent-World: Scaling Real-World Environment Synthesis for Evolving General Agent Intelligence
  2. 2026Agent World Model: Infinity Synthetic Environments for Agentic Reinforcement Learning
  3. 2025Towards General Agentic Intelligence via Environment Scaling
  4. 2026OdysseyArena: Benchmarking Large Language Models For Long-Horizon, Active and Inductive Interactions
  5. 2026Qwen-AgentWorld: Language World Models for General Agents
  6. 2025From Word to World: Can Large Language Models be Implicit Text-based World Models?
  7. 2025GenEnv: Difficulty-Aligned Co-Evolution Between LLM Agents and Environment Simulators
  8. 2024AgentGym: Evolving Large Language Model-based Agents across Diverse Environments