New Spiking Architecture for Multi-Modal Decision-Making in Autonomous Vehicles
On the map: End-to-end autonomous driving → End-to-end system architecture
Abstract (arXiv)
This work proposes an end-to-end multi-modal reinforcement learning framework for high-level decision-making in autonomous vehicles. The framework integrates heterogeneous sensory input, including camera images, LiDAR point clouds, and vehicle heading information, through a cross-attention transformer-based perception module. Although transformers have become the backbone of modern multi-modal architectures, their high computational cost limits their deployment in resource-constrained edge environments. To overcome this challenge, we propose a spiking temporal-aware transformer-like architecture that uses ternary spiking neurons for computationally efficient multi-modal fusion. Comprehensive evaluations across multiple tasks in the Highway Environment demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed approach for real-time autonomous decision-making.
Key facts. Cited by 2 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in End-to-end system architecture, one of 9 directions in End-to-end autonomous driving. Builds on 38 of its 60 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 1 Dec 2025.
Builds on
38 of 60 references.
Closest ancestors · 2
Same direction, newest first
- 2024Hierarchical End-to-End Autonomous Driving: Integrating BEV Perception with Deep Reinforcement Learning26 Sep
- 2023End-to-end Autonomous Driving: Challenges and Frontiers29 Jun
Other references · 36
- 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
- 2019Scalability in Perception for Autonomous Driving: Waymo Open Datasetcited by 2,436
- 2018PointPillars: Fast Encoders for Object Detection from Point Cloudscited by 1,707
- 2020Lift, Splat, Shoot: Encoding Images From Arbitrary Camera Rigs by Implicitly Unprojecting to 3Dcited by 1,040
- 2017Spatio-Temporal Backpropagation for Training High-performance Spiking Neural Networkscited by 399
- 2021Attention Bottlenecks for Multimodal Fusioncited by 361
- 2016Target-driven Visual Navigation in Indoor Scenes using Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 351
- 2021Deep Residual Learning in Spiking Neural Networkscited by 326
- 2022Spikformer: When Spiking Neural Network Meets Transformercited by 263
- 2021Training Spiking Neural Networks Using Lessons From Deep Learningcited by 251
- 2018Going Deeper in Spiking Neural Networks: VGG and Residual Architecturescited by 236
- 2023Spike-driven Transformercited by 141
24 more
- 2023Vision Language Models in Autonomous Driving: A Survey and Outlookcited by 124
- 2019Enabling Spike-based Backpropagation for Training Deep Neural Network Architecturescited by 119
- 2020Deep Learning for LiDAR Point Clouds in Autonomous Driving: A Reviewcited by 114
- 2023ICAFusion: Iterative Cross-Attention Guided Feature Fusion for Multispectral Object Detectioncited by 76
- 2022Multi-modal Sensor Fusion for Auto Driving Perception: A Surveycited by 73
- 2022Look Closer: Bridging Egocentric and Third-Person Views with Transformers for Robotic Manipulationcited by 49
- 2020Deep Reinforcement Learning with Population-Coded Spiking Neural Network for Continuous Controlcited by 44
- 2022Optimized Potential Initialization for Low-latency Spiking Neural Networkscited by 39
- 2023Reducing ANN-SNN Conversion Error through Residual Membrane Potentialcited by 39
- 2023Joint A-SNN: Joint Training of Artificial and Spiking Neural Networks via Self-Distillation and Weight Factorizationcited by 34
- 2023RMP-Loss: Regularizing Membrane Potential Distribution for Spiking Neural Networkscited by 27
- 2021Human-Level Control through Directly-Trained Deep Spiking Q-Networkscited by 23
- 2021Bottom-up and top-down approaches for the design of neuromorphic processing systems: Tradeoffs and synergies between natural and artificial intelligencecited by 21
- 2020TCL: an ANN-to-SNN Conversion with Trainable Clipping Layerscited by 20
- 2024High-Performance Temporal Reversible Spiking Neural Networks with O(L) Training Memory and O(1) Inference Costcited by 14
- 2021Multi-Modal Mutual Information (MuMMI) Training for Robust Self-Supervised Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 13
- 2025Spiking Transformer:Introducing Accurate Addition-Only Spiking Self-Attention for Transformercited by 13
- 2024BLOS-BEV: Navigation Map Enhanced Lane Segmentation Network, Beyond Line of Sightcited by 12
- 2020End-to-end Autonomous Driving Perception with Sequential Latent Representation Learningcited by 11
- 2024Spiking Convolutional Neural Networks for Text Classificationcited by 10
- 2023Combining Reconstruction and Contrastive Methods for Multimodal Representations in RLcited by 9
- 2025Improving Performance of Spike-based Deep Q-Learning using Ternary Neuronscited by 3
- 2025Multimodal Representation Learning and Fusioncited by 3
- 2024Evaluation of Encoding Schemes on Ubiquitous Sensor Signal for Spiking Neural Networkcited by 2
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2026: 2.
2 papers.
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2025Spiking Decision Transformers: Local Plasticity, Phase-Coding, and Dendritic Routing for Low-Power Sequence Control
- 2025Decision SpikeFormer: Spike-Driven Transformer for Decision Making
- 2026MOJITO: Modal Joint Learning for Unified End-to-End Autonomous Driving
- 2023Parameterized Decision-making with Multi-modal Perception for Autonomous Driving
- 2026End-to-End Learning vs. Modular Architectures: Comparative Insights into Autonomous Driving Systems
- 2023FusionAD: Multi-modality Fusion for Prediction and Planning Tasks of Autonomous Driving
- 2024DeepInteraction++: Multi-Modality Interaction for Autonomous Driving
- 2021Multi-modal Motion Prediction with Transformer-based Neural Network for Autonomous Driving