mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

New Spiking Architecture for Multi-Modal Decision-Making in Autonomous Vehicles

arXiv 2512.01882 ↗First posted 1 Dec 2025cs.LGcited by 2

On the map: End-to-end autonomous driving → End-to-end system architecture

Abstract (arXiv)

This work proposes an end-to-end multi-modal reinforcement learning framework for high-level decision-making in autonomous vehicles. The framework integrates heterogeneous sensory input, including camera images, LiDAR point clouds, and vehicle heading information, through a cross-attention transformer-based perception module. Although transformers have become the backbone of modern multi-modal architectures, their high computational cost limits their deployment in resource-constrained edge environments. To overcome this challenge, we propose a spiking temporal-aware transformer-like architecture that uses ternary spiking neurons for computationally efficient multi-modal fusion. Comprehensive evaluations across multiple tasks in the Highway Environment demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed approach for real-time autonomous decision-making.

Key facts. Cited by 2 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in End-to-end system architecture, one of 9 directions in End-to-end autonomous driving. Builds on 38 of its 60 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 1 Dec 2025.

Builds on

38 of 60 references.

Closest ancestors · 2

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2024Hierarchical End-to-End Autonomous Driving: Integrating BEV Perception with Deep Reinforcement Learning26 Sep
  2. 2023End-to-end Autonomous Driving: Challenges and Frontiers29 Jun

Other references · 36

  1. 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
  2. 2019Scalability in Perception for Autonomous Driving: Waymo Open Datasetcited by 2,436
  3. 2018PointPillars: Fast Encoders for Object Detection from Point Cloudscited by 1,707
  4. 2020Lift, Splat, Shoot: Encoding Images From Arbitrary Camera Rigs by Implicitly Unprojecting to 3Dcited by 1,040
  5. 2017Spatio-Temporal Backpropagation for Training High-performance Spiking Neural Networkscited by 399
  6. 2021Attention Bottlenecks for Multimodal Fusioncited by 361
  7. 2016Target-driven Visual Navigation in Indoor Scenes using Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 351
  8. 2021Deep Residual Learning in Spiking Neural Networkscited by 326
  9. 2022Spikformer: When Spiking Neural Network Meets Transformercited by 263
  10. 2021Training Spiking Neural Networks Using Lessons From Deep Learningcited by 251
  11. 2018Going Deeper in Spiking Neural Networks: VGG and Residual Architecturescited by 236
  12. 2023Spike-driven Transformercited by 141
24 more
  1. 2023Vision Language Models in Autonomous Driving: A Survey and Outlookcited by 124
  2. 2019Enabling Spike-based Backpropagation for Training Deep Neural Network Architecturescited by 119
  3. 2020Deep Learning for LiDAR Point Clouds in Autonomous Driving: A Reviewcited by 114
  4. 2023ICAFusion: Iterative Cross-Attention Guided Feature Fusion for Multispectral Object Detectioncited by 76
  5. 2022Multi-modal Sensor Fusion for Auto Driving Perception: A Surveycited by 73
  6. 2022Look Closer: Bridging Egocentric and Third-Person Views with Transformers for Robotic Manipulationcited by 49
  7. 2020Deep Reinforcement Learning with Population-Coded Spiking Neural Network for Continuous Controlcited by 44
  8. 2022Optimized Potential Initialization for Low-latency Spiking Neural Networkscited by 39
  9. 2023Reducing ANN-SNN Conversion Error through Residual Membrane Potentialcited by 39
  10. 2023Joint A-SNN: Joint Training of Artificial and Spiking Neural Networks via Self-Distillation and Weight Factorizationcited by 34
  11. 2023RMP-Loss: Regularizing Membrane Potential Distribution for Spiking Neural Networkscited by 27
  12. 2021Human-Level Control through Directly-Trained Deep Spiking Q-Networkscited by 23
  13. 2021Bottom-up and top-down approaches for the design of neuromorphic processing systems: Tradeoffs and synergies between natural and artificial intelligencecited by 21
  14. 2020TCL: an ANN-to-SNN Conversion with Trainable Clipping Layerscited by 20
  15. 2024High-Performance Temporal Reversible Spiking Neural Networks with O(L) Training Memory and O(1) Inference Costcited by 14
  16. 2021Multi-Modal Mutual Information (MuMMI) Training for Robust Self-Supervised Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 13
  17. 2025Spiking Transformer:Introducing Accurate Addition-Only Spiking Self-Attention for Transformercited by 13
  18. 2024BLOS-BEV: Navigation Map Enhanced Lane Segmentation Network, Beyond Line of Sightcited by 12
  19. 2020End-to-end Autonomous Driving Perception with Sequential Latent Representation Learningcited by 11
  20. 2024Spiking Convolutional Neural Networks for Text Classificationcited by 10
  21. 2023Combining Reconstruction and Contrastive Methods for Multimodal Representations in RLcited by 9
  22. 2025Improving Performance of Spike-based Deep Q-Learning using Ternary Neuronscited by 3
  23. 2025Multimodal Representation Learning and Fusioncited by 3
  24. 2024Evaluation of Encoding Schemes on Ubiquitous Sensor Signal for Spiking Neural Networkcited by 2

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2026: 2.

2 papers.

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2025Spiking Decision Transformers: Local Plasticity, Phase-Coding, and Dendritic Routing for Low-Power Sequence Control
  2. 2025Decision SpikeFormer: Spike-Driven Transformer for Decision Making
  3. 2026MOJITO: Modal Joint Learning for Unified End-to-End Autonomous Driving
  4. 2023Parameterized Decision-making with Multi-modal Perception for Autonomous Driving
  5. 2026End-to-End Learning vs. Modular Architectures: Comparative Insights into Autonomous Driving Systems
  6. 2023FusionAD: Multi-modality Fusion for Prediction and Planning Tasks of Autonomous Driving
  7. 2024DeepInteraction++: Multi-Modality Interaction for Autonomous Driving
  8. 2021Multi-modal Motion Prediction with Transformer-based Neural Network for Autonomous Driving