mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

OpenReward: Learning to Reward Long-form Agentic Tasks via Reinforcement Learning

arXiv 2510.24636 ↗First posted 28 Oct 2025cs.CLcited by 2

On the map: LLM agents and tool use → Reinforcement learning for LLM agents

also in 1 more
Abstract (arXiv)

Reward models (RMs) have become essential for aligning large language models (LLMs), serving as scalable proxies for human evaluation in both training and inference. However, existing RMs struggle on knowledge-intensive and long-form tasks, where evaluating correctness requires grounding beyond the model's internal knowledge. This limitation hinders them from reliably discriminating subtle quality differences, especially when external evidence is necessary. To address this, we introduce OpenRM, a tool-augmented long-form reward model that systematically judges open-ended responses by invoking external tools to gather relevant evidence. We train OpenRM with Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) on over 27K synthesized pairwise examples generated through a controllable data synthesis framework. The training objective jointly supervises intermediate tool usage and final outcome accuracy, incentivizing our reward model to learn effective evidence-based judgment strategies. Extensive experiments on three newly-collected datasets and two widely-used benchmarks demonstrate that OpenRM substantially outperforms existing reward modeling approaches. As a further step, we integrate OpenRM into both inference-time response selection and training-time data selection. This yields consistent gains in downstream LLM alignment tasks, highlighting the potential of tool-augmented reward models for scaling reliable long-form evaluation.

Key facts. Cited by 2 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Reinforcement learning for LLM agents, one of 16 directions in LLM agents and tool use. Builds on 41 of its 53 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 28 Oct 2025.

Builds on

41 of 53 references.

Closest ancestors · 1

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2025ToolRL: Reward is All Tool Learning Needs16 Apr

Other references · 40

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  4. 2023Direct Preference Optimization: Your Language Model is Secretly a Reward Modelcited by 7,916
  5. 2024GPT-4o System Cardcited by 4,467
  6. 2025Gemini 2.5: Pushing the Frontier with Advanced Reasoning, Multimodality, Long Context, and Next Generation Agentic Capabilitiescited by 3,655
  7. 2024A Survey on LLM-as-a-Judgecited by 1,384
  8. 2025Search-R1: Training LLMs to Reason and Leverage Search Engines with Reinforcement Learningcited by 1,371
  9. 2023Prometheus: Inducing Fine-grained Evaluation Capability in Language Modelscited by 558
  10. 2024Executable Code Actions Elicit Better LLM Agentscited by 537
  11. 2025SimpleRL-Zoo: Investigating and Taming Zero Reinforcement Learning for Open Base Models in the Wildcited by 505
  12. 2024RewardBench: Evaluating Reward Models for Language Modelingcited by 480
28 more
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  2. 2021ColBERTv2: Effective and Efficient Retrieval via Lightweight Late Interactioncited by 464
  3. 2024LLMs-as-Judges: A Comprehensive Survey on LLM-based Evaluation Methodscited by 451
  4. 2023UltraFeedback: Boosting Language Models with Scaled AI Feedbackcited by 394
  5. 2024Skywork-Reward: Bag of Tricks for Reward Modeling in LLMscited by 322
  6. 2023PandaLM: An Automatic Evaluation Benchmark for LLM Instruction Tuning Optimizationcited by 311
  7. 2023Preference Ranking Optimization for Human Alignmentcited by 283
  8. 2025Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards Implicitly Incentivizes Correct Reasoning in Base LLMscited by 276
  9. 2025DeepResearcher: Scaling Deep Research via Reinforcement Learning in Real-world Environmentscited by 268
  10. 2024Rewarding Progress: Scaling Automated Process Verifiers for LLM Reasoningcited by 267
  11. 2025TTRL: Test-Time Reinforcement Learningcited by 253
  12. 2023FacTool: Factuality Detection in Generative AI -- A Tool Augmented Framework for Multi-Task and Multi-Domain Scenarioscited by 247
  13. 2023MedCPT: Contrastive Pre-trained Transformers with Large-scale PubMed Search Logs for Zero-shot Biomedical Information Retrievalcited by 182
  14. 2024Secrets of RLHF in Large Language Models Part II: Reward Modelingcited by 170
  15. 2023Generative Judge for Evaluating Alignmentcited by 163
  16. 2025Llama-Nemotron: Efficient Reasoning Modelscited by 151
  17. 2025RM-R1: Reward Modeling as Reasoningcited by 149
  18. 2024Long-form factuality in large language modelscited by 146
  19. 2025DeepReview: Improving LLM-based Paper Review with Human-like Deep Thinking Processcited by 97
  20. 2025JudgeLRM: Large Reasoning Models as a Judgecited by 76
  21. 2025J1: Incentivizing Thinking in LLM-as-a-Judge via Reinforcement Learningcited by 73
  22. 2025RLVMR: Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Meta-Reasoning Rewards for Robust Long-Horizon Agentscited by 56
  23. 2024LitSearch: A Retrieval Benchmark for Scientific Literature Searchcited by 47
  24. 2025Reward Reasoning Modelcited by 47
  25. 2024TravelAgent: An AI Assistant for Personalized Travel Planningcited by 38
  26. 2025Trust, But Verify: A Self-Verification Approach to Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewardscited by 38
  27. 2025CAPO: Towards Enhancing LLM Reasoning through Generative Credit Assignmentcited by 25
  28. 2023Tool-Augmented Reward Modelingcited by 20

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2026: 2.

2 papers.

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  1. 2025ToolRM: Outcome Reward Models for Tool-Calling Large Language Models
  2. 2025ToolRM: Towards Agentic Tool-Use Reward Modeling
  3. 2026Reward Modeling for Reinforcement Learning-Based LLM Reasoning: Design, Challenges, and Evaluation
  4. 2025Generalist Reward Models: Found Inside Large Language Models
  5. 2024OpenR: An Open Source Framework for Advanced Reasoning with Large Language Models
  6. 2025OpenGenAlign: A Preference Dataset and Benchmark for Trustworthy Reward Modeling in Open-Ended, Long-Context Generation
  7. 2026UniRRM: Unified Reasoning Reward Models Across Languages and Evaluation Paradigms
  8. 2026Beyond Reward Engineering: A Data Recipe for Long-Context Reinforcement Learning