Planning with Unified Multimodal Models
On the map: LLM reasoning → Spatial and embodied reasoning
Abstract (arXiv)
With the powerful reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs) and vision-language models (VLMs), many recent works have explored using them for decision-making. However, most of these approaches rely solely on language-based reasoning, which limits their ability to reason and make informed decisions. Recently, a promising new direction has emerged with unified multimodal models (UMMs), which support both multimodal inputs and outputs. We believe such models have greater potential for decision-making by enabling reasoning through generated visual content. To this end, we propose Uni-Plan, a planning framework built on UMMs. Within this framework, a single model simultaneously serves as the policy, dynamics model, and value function. In addition, to avoid hallucinations in dynamics predictions, we present a novel approach self-discriminated filtering, where the generative model serves as a self-discriminator to filter out invalid dynamics predictions. Experiments on embodied decision-making tasks show that Uni-Plan substantially improves success rates compared to VLM-based methods, while also showing strong data scalability, requiring no expert demonstrations and achieving better performance under the same training-data size. This work lays a foundation for future research in reasoning and decision-making with UMMs.
Key facts. Cited by 2 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Spatial and embodied reasoning, one of 17 directions in LLM reasoning. Builds on 39 of its 51 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 27 Sep 2025.
Builds on
39 of 51 references.
Closest ancestors · 2
Same direction, newest first
- 2023EmbodiedGPT: Vision-Language Pre-Training via Embodied Chain of Thought24 May
- 2022Inner Monologue: Embodied Reasoning through Planning with Language Models12 Jul
Other references · 37
- 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,419
- 2023GPT-4 Technical Reportcited by 18,396
- 2022Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Modelscited by 12,459
- 2022Flow Matching for Generative Modelingcited by 5,702
- 2025Qwen2.5-VL Technical Reportcited by 5,587
- 2024Qwen2.5 Technical Reportcited by 4,942
- 2024Scaling Rectified Flow Transformers for High-Resolution Image Synthesiscited by 4,181
- 2025Wan: Open and Advanced Large-Scale Video Generative Modelscited by 2,708
- 2022Do As I Can, Not As I Say: Grounding Language in Robotic Affordancescited by 2,348
- 2023PaLM-E: An Embodied Multimodal Language Modelcited by 2,071
- 2024Expanding Performance Boundaries of Open-Source Multimodal Models with Model, Data, and Test-Time Scalingcited by 1,599
- 2022Language Models as Zero-Shot Planners: Extracting Actionable Knowledge for Embodied Agentscited by 1,035
25 more
- 2024Chameleon: Mixed-Modal Early-Fusion Foundation Modelscited by 927
- 2025Emerging Properties in Unified Multimodal Pretrainingcited by 897
- 2023Reasoning with Language Model is Planning with World Modelcited by 861
- 2025Janus-Pro: Unified Multimodal Understanding and Generation with Data and Model Scalingcited by 812
- 2024Emu3: Next-Token Prediction is All You Needcited by 781
- 2023Multimodal Chain-of-Thought Reasoning in Language Modelscited by 752
- 2024Show-o: One Single Transformer to Unify Multimodal Understanding and Generationcited by 752
- 2023NExT-GPT: Any-to-Any Multimodal LLMcited by 615
- 2024Transfusion: Predict the Next Token and Diffuse Images with One Multi-Modal Modelcited by 483
- 2025BLIP3-o: A Family of Fully Open Unified Multimodal Models-Architecture, Training and Datasetcited by 376
- 2024SEED-X: Multimodal Models with Unified Multi-granularity Comprehension and Generationcited by 331
- 2022Large Language Models are Better Reasoners with Self-Verificationcited by 307
- 2023DreamLLM: Synergistic Multimodal Comprehension and Creationcited by 297
- 2024Visual Sketchpad: Sketching as a Visual Chain of Thought for Multimodal Language Modelscited by 268
- 2025Show-o2: Improved Native Unified Multimodal Modelscited by 250
- 2023Large Language Models as Commonsense Knowledge for Large-Scale Task Planningcited by 231
- 2025Imagine while Reasoning in Space: Multimodal Visualization-of-Thoughtcited by 206
- 2023Video Language Planningcited by 162
- 2023Look Before You Leap: Unveiling the Power of GPT-4V in Robotic Vision-Language Planningcited by 161
- 2023SelfCheck: Using LLMs to Zero-Shot Check Their Own Step-by-Step Reasoningcited by 159
- 2025Mogao: An Omni Foundation Model for Interleaved Multi-Modal Generationcited by 109
- 2025Thinking with Generated Imagescited by 73
- 2024Image-of-Thought Prompting for Visual Reasoning Refinement in Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 65
- 2025S2R: Teaching LLMs to Self-verify and Self-correct via Reinforcement Learningcited by 39
- 2025Hyper-Bagel: A Unified Acceleration Framework for Multimodal Understanding and Generationcited by 13
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2026: 2.
2 papers.
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2025Visual Planning: Let's Think Only with Images
- 2025Vision Language Models Cannot Plan, but Can They Formalize?
- 2024Multi-Agent Planning Using Visual Language Models
- 2026Plan-Bench: Can Existing VLMs Go Well Beyond Perception to Reason and Plan in Embodied Worlds?
- 2024EgoPlan-Bench2: A Benchmark for Multimodal Large Language Model Planning in Real-World Scenarios
- 2024Can-Do! A Dataset and Neuro-Symbolic Grounded Framework for Embodied Planning with Large Multimodal Models
- 2025Perception, Reason, Think, and Plan: A Survey on Large Multimodal Reasoning Models
- 2026Rule-Compliant Visual Spatial Planning for Multimodal Large Language Models