Can LLM-Reasoning Models Replace Classical Planning? A Benchmark Study
On the map: LLM reasoning → Spatial and embodied reasoning
Abstract (arXiv)
Recent advancements in Large Language Models have sparked interest in their potential for robotic task planning. While these models demonstrate strong generative capabilities, their effectiveness in producing structured and executable plans remains uncertain. This paper presents a systematic evaluation of a broad spectrum of current state of the art language models, each directly prompted using Planning Domain Definition Language domain and problem files, and compares their planning performance with the Fast Downward planner across a variety of benchmarks. In addition to measuring success rates, we assess how faithfully the generated plans translate into sequences of actions that can actually be executed, identifying both strengths and limitations of using these models in this setting. Our findings show that while the models perform well on simpler planning tasks, they continue to struggle with more complex scenarios that require precise resource management, consistent state tracking, and strict constraint compliance. These results underscore fundamental challenges in applying language models to robotic planning in real world environments. By outlining the gaps that emerge during execution, we aim to guide future research toward combined approaches that integrate language models with classical planners in order to enhance the reliability and scalability of planning in autonomous robotics.
Key facts. Cited by 8 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Spatial and embodied reasoning, one of 17 directions in LLM reasoning. Builds on 12 of its 39 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 31 Jul 2025.
Builds on
12 of 39 references.
References · 12
- 2022Do As I Can, Not As I Say: Grounding Language in Robotic Affordancescited by 2,348
- 2023PaLM-E: An Embodied Multimodal Language Modelcited by 2,071
- 2023LLM+P: Empowering Large Language Models with Optimal Planning Proficiencycited by 501
- 2024NATURAL PLAN: Benchmarking LLMs on Natural Language Planningcited by 128
- 2024LLMs Still Can't Plan; Can LRMs? A Preliminary Evaluation of OpenAI's o1 on PlanBenchcited by 94
- 2024AgentGen: Enhancing Planning Abilities for Large Language Model based Agent via Environment and Task Generationcited by 83
- 2024Planetarium: A Rigorous Benchmark for Translating Text to Structured Planning Languagescited by 33
- 2023Automating the Generation of Prompts for LLM-based Action Choice in PDDL Planningcited by 24
- 2024NL2Plan: Robust LLM-Driven Planning from Minimal Text Descriptionscited by 22
- 2024Can We Rely on LLM Agents to Draft Long-Horizon Plans? Let's Take TravelPlanner as an Examplecited by 22
- 2024Fast and Accurate Task Planning using Neuro-Symbolic Language Models and Multi-level Goal Decompositioncited by 14
- 2024Open Grounded Planning: Challenges and Benchmark Constructioncited by 4
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2026: 8.
8 papers.
- 2026Agentic Artificial Intelligence (AI): Architectures, Taxonomies, and Evaluation of Large Language Model Agentscited by 14
- 2026Scaling Small Agents Through Strategy Auctionscited by 3
- 2026On the Generalization Gap in LLM Planning: Tests and Verifier-Reward RLcited by 1
- 2026Process Reward Models Meet Planning: Generating Precise and Scalable Datasets for Step-Level Rewardscited by 1
- 2026Vibe AIGC: A New Paradigm for Content Generation via Agentic Orchestrationcited by 0
- 2026Tool-Aware Planning in Contact Center AI: Evaluating LLMs through Lineage-Guided Query Decompositioncited by 0
- 2026HINT-Plan: Human Intention-Aware Robot Task Planning in Context-Rich Environments using Vision Language Modelscited by 0
- 2026Which LLM is Best for Translating Natural Language Goals to PDDLcited by 0
- 2026Which LLM is Best for Translating Natural Language Goals to PDDL16 Sep 2026
- 2026HINT-Plan: Human Intention-Aware Robot Task Planning in Context-Rich Environments using Vision Language Models15 Sep 2026
- 2026Process Reward Models Meet Planning: Generating Precise and Scalable Datasets for Step-Level Rewards20 Apr 2026
- 2026Tool-Aware Planning in Contact Center AI: Evaluating LLMs through Lineage-Guided Query Decomposition16 Feb 2026
- 2026Vibe AIGC: A New Paradigm for Content Generation via Agentic Orchestration4 Feb 2026
- 2026Scaling Small Agents Through Strategy Auctions2 Feb 2026
- 2026On the Generalization Gap in LLM Planning: Tests and Verifier-Reward RL20 Jan 2026
- 2026Agentic Artificial Intelligence (AI): Architectures, Taxonomies, and Evaluation of Large Language Model Agents18 Jan 2026
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2025A Systematic Study of Large Language Models for Task and Motion Planning With PDDLStream
- 2025Using Language Models as Closed-Loop High-Level Planners for Robotics Applications: A Brief Overview and Benchmarks
- 2023Translating Natural Language to Planning Goals with Large-Language Models
- 2026Agentic LLM Planning via Step-Wise PDDL Simulation: An Empirical Characterisation
- 2025One Demo Is All It Takes: Planning Domain Derivation with LLMs from A Single Demonstration
- 2025Think Small, Plan Smart: Minimalist Symbolic Abstraction and Heuristic Subspace Search for LLM-Guided Task Planning
- 2025Large Language Models for Planning: A Comprehensive and Systematic Survey
- 2025Constrained Natural Language Action Planning for Resilient Embodied Systems