mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

ADRD: LLM-Driven Autonomous Driving Based on Rule-based Decision Systems

arXiv 2506.14299 ↗First posted 17 Jun 2025cs.AIcited by 4

On the map: End-to-end autonomous driving → Large language models for driving

Abstract (arXiv)

How to construct an interpretable autonomous driving decision-making system has become a focal point in academic research. In this study, we propose a novel approach that leverages large language models (LLMs) to generate executable, rule-based decision systems to address this challenge. Specifically, harnessing the strong reasoning and programming capabilities of LLMs, we introduce the ADRD(LLM-Driven Autonomous Driving Based on Rule-based Decision Systems) framework, which integrates three core modules: the Information Module, the Agents Module, and the Testing Module. The framework operates by first aggregating contextual driving scenario information through the Information Module, then utilizing the Agents Module to generate rule-based driving tactics. These tactics are iteratively refined through continuous interaction with the Testing Module. Extensive experimental evaluations demonstrate that ADRD exhibits superior performance in autonomous driving decision tasks. Compared to traditional reinforcement learning approaches and the most advanced LLM-based methods, ADRD shows significant advantages in terms of interpretability, response speed, and driving performance. These results highlight the framework's ability to achieve comprehensive and accurate understanding of complex driving scenarios, and underscore the promising future of transparent, rule-based decision systems that are easily modifiable and broadly applicable. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that integrates large language models with rule-based systems for autonomous driving decision-making, and our findings validate its potential for real-world deployment.

Key facts. Cited by 4 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Large language models for driving, one of 9 directions in End-to-end autonomous driving. Builds on 13 of its 26 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 17 Jun 2025.

Builds on

13 of 26 references.

Closest ancestors · 3

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2023Driving with LLMs: Fusing Object-Level Vector Modality for Explainable Autonomous Driving3 Oct
  2. 2023DriveGPT4: Interpretable End-to-end Autonomous Driving via Large Language Model2 Oct
  3. 2023DiLu: A Knowledge-Driven Approach to Autonomous Driving with Large Language Models28 Sep

Other references · 10

  1. 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,419
  2. 2023GPT-4 Technical Reportcited by 18,396
  3. 2017Proximal Policy Optimization Algorithmscited by 15,215
  4. 2021Evaluating Large Language Models Trained on Codecited by 8,320
  5. 2025DeepSeek-R1: Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learningcited by 6,330
  6. 2025Competitive Programming with Large Reasoning Modelscited by 119
  7. 2020Interpretable End-to-end Urban Autonomous Driving with Latent Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 103
  8. 2022CERT: Continual Pre-Training on Sketches for Library-Oriented Code Generationcited by 87
  9. 2021Explainable Artificial Intelligence for Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Overview and Field Guide for Future Research Directionscited by 73
  10. 2024RL-LLM-DT: An Automatic Decision Tree Generation Method Based on RL Evaluation and LLM Enhancementcited by 2

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2025: 3; 2026: 1.

4 papers.

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2023LanguageMPC: Large Language Models as Decision Makers for Autonomous Driving
  2. 2023DriveMLM: Aligning Multi-Modal Large Language Models with Behavioral Planning States for Autonomous Driving
  3. 2023LLM4Drive: A Survey of Large Language Models for Autonomous Driving
  4. 2025TeLL-Drive: Enhancing Autonomous Driving with Teacher LLM-Guided Deep Reinforcement Learning
  5. 2023A Language Agent for Autonomous Driving
  6. 2025AdaDrive: Self-Adaptive Slow-Fast System for Language-Grounded Autonomous Driving
  7. 2024Large Language Models for Human-like Autonomous Driving: A Survey
  8. 2024AD-H: Language-guided Autonomous Driving with Hierarchical Agents