FrontendBench: A Benchmark for Evaluating LLMs on Front-End Development via Automatic Evaluation
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Abstract (arXiv)
Large Language Models (LLMs) have made significant strides in front-end code generation. However, existing benchmarks exhibit several critical limitations: many tasks are overly simplistic, test cases often lack rigor, and end-to-end validation is absent. These issues hinder the accurate assessment of model performance. To address these challenges, we present FrontendBench, a benchmark co-developed by humans and LLMs. FrontendBench categorizes tasks based on code functionality and incorporates interactive test scenarios, enabling a more comprehensive and practical evaluation of front-end code generation capabilities. The benchmark comprises 148 meticulously crafted prompt-test case pairs spanning five levels of web components, from basic UI elements to complex interactive features. Each task reflects realistic front-end development challenges. Furthermore, we introduce an automatic evaluation framework that executes generated code within a sandbox environment and assesses outcomes using predefined test scripts. This framework achieves a 90.54% agreement rate with expert human evaluations, demonstrating high reliability. We benchmark several state-of-the-art LLMs on FrontendBench and observe substantial performance disparities in handling real-world front-end tasks. These results highlight FrontendBench as a reliable and scalable benchmark, supporting consistent multimodal evaluation and providing a robust foundation for future research in front-end code generation. Our data and code will be released soon.
Key facts. Cited by 20 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 13 of its 29 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 16 Jun 2025.
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13 of 29 references.
References · 13
- 2021Evaluating Large Language Models Trained on Codecited by 8,320
- 2021Program Synthesis with Large Language Modelscited by 3,637
- 2024LiveCodeBench: Holistic and Contamination Free Evaluation of Large Language Models for Codecited by 2,004
- 2022Competition-Level Code Generation with AlphaCodecited by 1,462
- 2021Measuring Coding Challenge Competence With APPScited by 902
- 2021CodeXGLUE: A Machine Learning Benchmark Dataset for Code Understanding and Generationcited by 744
- 2022PDEBENCH: An Extensive Benchmark for Scientific Machine Learningcited by 413
- 2024Design2Code: Benchmarking Multimodal Code Generation for Automated Front-End Engineeringcited by 152
- 2024HumanEval-XL: A Multilingual Code Generation Benchmark for Cross-lingual Natural Language Generalizationcited by 86
- 2024TestGenEval: A Real World Unit Test Generation and Test Completion Benchmarkcited by 52
- 2019JuICe: A Large Scale Distantly Supervised Dataset for Open Domain Context-based Code Generationcited by 49
- 2024CS-Bench: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Large Language Models towards Computer Science Masterycited by 30
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Citing papers per year: 2025: 2; 2026: 18.
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- 2026GameDevBench: Evaluating Agentic Capabilities Through Game Developmentcited by 28
- 2026WebCoderBench: Benchmarking Web Application Generation with Comprehensive and Interpretable Evaluation Metricscited by 18
- 2026OpenGame: Open Agentic Coding for Gamescited by 18
- 2025FronTalk: Benchmarking Front-End Development as Conversational Code Generation with Multi-Modal Feedbackcited by 14
- 2025You Don't Know Until You Click:Automated GUI Testing for Production-Ready Software Evaluationcited by 12
- 2026WorldCoder-Bench: Benchmarking Physically Grounded 3D World Synthesiscited by 9
- 2026WebCompass: Towards Multimodal Web Coding Evaluation for Code Language Modelscited by 6
- 2026Tencent WorkBuddy Bench: A Multi-Domain Coding-Agent Benchmark with Contamination-Resistant Task Constructioncited by 6
- 2026LH-Bench: Skill-Grounded Evaluation of Long-Horizon Agents on Subjective Enterprise Taskscited by 3
- 2026Cookie-Bench: Continuous On-screen Key Interaction Evaluation for Web Generationcited by 3
- 2026WebRISE: Requirement-Induced State Evaluation for MLLM-Generated Web Artifactscited by 2
- 2026Coding with Eyes: Visual Feedback Unlocks Reliable GUI Code Generating and Debuggingcited by 1
8 more
- 2026DV-World: Benchmarking Data Visualization Agents in Real-World Scenarioscited by 1
- 2026LiveEvalBench: Toward Open-World Evaluation for Web Generationcited by 1
- 2026VibeJam: A User Study Platform for Web Development with Agentscited by 0
- 2026Enabling Creative Exploration for Vibe Design Agentscited by 0
- 2026WebCraftBench: Evaluating Web Application Generation from a Software Testing Perspectivecited by 0
- 2026AUV-Bench: Aesthetic Understanding and Generation Evaluation for User Interfacescited by 0
- 2026WebUIProof: Benchmarking WebUI Code Generators with UI-Agent Execution Harnesscited by 0
- 2026PrismaCoder: Pushing the Boundaries of Open Multimodal Code Intelligence through Decomposed Rubric Synthesiscited by 0
- 2026PrismaCoder: Pushing the Boundaries of Open Multimodal Code Intelligence through Decomposed Rubric Synthesis14 Oct 2026
- 2026WebUIProof: Benchmarking WebUI Code Generators with UI-Agent Execution Harness2 Oct 2026
- 2026AUV-Bench: Aesthetic Understanding and Generation Evaluation for User Interfaces28 Sep 2026
- 2026WebCraftBench: Evaluating Web Application Generation from a Software Testing Perspective14 Sep 2026
- 2026Enabling Creative Exploration for Vibe Design Agents14 Sep 2026
- 2026VibeJam: A User Study Platform for Web Development with Agents30 Aug 2026
- 2026LiveEvalBench: Toward Open-World Evaluation for Web Generation4 Aug 2026
- 2026Tencent WorkBuddy Bench: A Multi-Domain Coding-Agent Benchmark with Contamination-Resistant Task Construction23 Jul 2026
- 2026WebRISE: Requirement-Induced State Evaluation for MLLM-Generated Web Artifacts2 Jun 2026
- 2026WorldCoder-Bench: Benchmarking Physically Grounded 3D World Synthesis1 Jun 2026
- 2026Cookie-Bench: Continuous On-screen Key Interaction Evaluation for Web Generation28 May 2026
- 2026DV-World: Benchmarking Data Visualization Agents in Real-World Scenarios28 Apr 2026
8 more
- 2026OpenGame: Open Agentic Coding for Games20 Apr 2026
- 2026WebCompass: Towards Multimodal Web Coding Evaluation for Code Language Models20 Apr 2026
- 2026LH-Bench: Skill-Grounded Evaluation of Long-Horizon Agents on Subjective Enterprise Tasks24 Mar 2026
- 2026Coding with Eyes: Visual Feedback Unlocks Reliable GUI Code Generating and Debugging14 Mar 2026
- 2026GameDevBench: Evaluating Agentic Capabilities Through Game Development11 Feb 2026
- 2026WebCoderBench: Benchmarking Web Application Generation with Comprehensive and Interpretable Evaluation Metrics5 Jan 2026
- 2025FronTalk: Benchmarking Front-End Development as Conversational Code Generation with Multi-Modal Feedback5 Dec 2025
- 2025You Don't Know Until You Click:Automated GUI Testing for Production-Ready Software Evaluation17 Aug 2025
- 2026GameDevBench: Evaluating Agentic Capabilities Through Game Developmentcited by 28
- 2026OpenGame: Open Agentic Coding for Gamescited by 18
- 2026WebCompass: Towards Multimodal Web Coding Evaluation for Code Language Modelscited by 6
- 2026Tencent WorkBuddy Bench: A Multi-Domain Coding-Agent Benchmark with Contamination-Resistant Task Constructioncited by 6
- 2026LH-Bench: Skill-Grounded Evaluation of Long-Horizon Agents on Subjective Enterprise Taskscited by 3
- 2026DV-World: Benchmarking Data Visualization Agents in Real-World Scenarioscited by 1
- 2026VibeJam: A User Study Platform for Web Development with Agentscited by 0
- 2026Enabling Creative Exploration for Vibe Design Agentscited by 0
- 2026WebUIProof: Benchmarking WebUI Code Generators with UI-Agent Execution Harnesscited by 0
- 2026WebUIProof: Benchmarking WebUI Code Generators with UI-Agent Execution Harness2 Oct 2026
- 2026Enabling Creative Exploration for Vibe Design Agents14 Sep 2026
- 2026VibeJam: A User Study Platform for Web Development with Agents30 Aug 2026
- 2026Tencent WorkBuddy Bench: A Multi-Domain Coding-Agent Benchmark with Contamination-Resistant Task Construction23 Jul 2026
- 2026DV-World: Benchmarking Data Visualization Agents in Real-World Scenarios28 Apr 2026
- 2026OpenGame: Open Agentic Coding for Games20 Apr 2026
- 2026WebCompass: Towards Multimodal Web Coding Evaluation for Code Language Models20 Apr 2026
- 2026LH-Bench: Skill-Grounded Evaluation of Long-Horizon Agents on Subjective Enterprise Tasks24 Mar 2026
- 2026GameDevBench: Evaluating Agentic Capabilities Through Game Development11 Feb 2026
- 2026WebCoderBench: Benchmarking Web Application Generation with Comprehensive and Interpretable Evaluation Metricscited by 18
- 2025FronTalk: Benchmarking Front-End Development as Conversational Code Generation with Multi-Modal Feedbackcited by 14
- 2025You Don't Know Until You Click:Automated GUI Testing for Production-Ready Software Evaluationcited by 12
- 2026WorldCoder-Bench: Benchmarking Physically Grounded 3D World Synthesiscited by 9
- 2026Cookie-Bench: Continuous On-screen Key Interaction Evaluation for Web Generationcited by 3
- 2026WebRISE: Requirement-Induced State Evaluation for MLLM-Generated Web Artifactscited by 2
- 2026Coding with Eyes: Visual Feedback Unlocks Reliable GUI Code Generating and Debuggingcited by 1
- 2026LiveEvalBench: Toward Open-World Evaluation for Web Generationcited by 1
- 2026WebCraftBench: Evaluating Web Application Generation from a Software Testing Perspectivecited by 0
- 2026AUV-Bench: Aesthetic Understanding and Generation Evaluation for User Interfacescited by 0
- 2026PrismaCoder: Pushing the Boundaries of Open Multimodal Code Intelligence through Decomposed Rubric Synthesiscited by 0
- 2026PrismaCoder: Pushing the Boundaries of Open Multimodal Code Intelligence through Decomposed Rubric Synthesis14 Oct 2026
- 2026AUV-Bench: Aesthetic Understanding and Generation Evaluation for User Interfaces28 Sep 2026
- 2026WebCraftBench: Evaluating Web Application Generation from a Software Testing Perspective14 Sep 2026
- 2026LiveEvalBench: Toward Open-World Evaluation for Web Generation4 Aug 2026
- 2026WebRISE: Requirement-Induced State Evaluation for MLLM-Generated Web Artifacts2 Jun 2026
- 2026WorldCoder-Bench: Benchmarking Physically Grounded 3D World Synthesis1 Jun 2026
- 2026Cookie-Bench: Continuous On-screen Key Interaction Evaluation for Web Generation28 May 2026
- 2026Coding with Eyes: Visual Feedback Unlocks Reliable GUI Code Generating and Debugging14 Mar 2026
- 2026WebCoderBench: Benchmarking Web Application Generation with Comprehensive and Interpretable Evaluation Metrics5 Jan 2026
- 2025FronTalk: Benchmarking Front-End Development as Conversational Code Generation with Multi-Modal Feedback5 Dec 2025
- 2025You Don't Know Until You Click:Automated GUI Testing for Production-Ready Software Evaluation17 Aug 2025