FronTalk: Benchmarking Front-End Development as Conversational Code Generation with Multi-Modal Feedback
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Abstract (arXiv)
We present FronTalk, a benchmark for front-end code generation that pioneers the study of a unique interaction dynamic: conversational code generation with multi-modal feedback. In front-end development, visual artifacts such as sketches, mockups and annotated creenshots are essential for conveying design intent, yet their role in multi-turn code generation remains largely unexplored. To address this gap, we focus on the front-end development task and curate FronTalk, a collection of 100 multi-turn dialogues derived from real-world websites across diverse domains such as news, finance, and art. Each turn features both a textual instruction and an equivalent visual instruction, each representing the same user intent. To comprehensively evaluate model performance, we propose a novel agent-based evaluation framework leveraging a web agent to simulate users and explore the website, and thus measuring both functional correctness and user experience. Evaluation of 20 models reveals two key challenges that are under-explored systematically in the literature: (1) a significant forgetting issue where models overwrite previously implemented features, resulting in task failures, and (2) a persistent challenge in interpreting visual feedback, especially for open-source vision-language models (VLMs). We propose a strong baseline to tackle the forgetting issue with AceCoder, a method that critiques the implementation of every past instruction using an autonomous web agent. This approach significantly reduces forgetting to nearly zero and improves the performance by up to 9.3% (56.0% to 65.3%). Overall, we aim to provide a solid foundation for future research in front-end development and the general interaction dynamics of multi-turn, multi-modal code generation. Code and data are released at https://github.com/shirley-wu/frontalk
Key facts. Cited by 14 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 19 of its 39 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 5 Dec 2025.
Builds on
19 of 39 references.
References · 19
- 2019Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformercited by 14,491
- 2021Evaluating Large Language Models Trained on Codecited by 8,053
- 2023Efficient Memory Management for Large Language Model Serving with PagedAttentioncited by 5,767
- 2021Program Synthesis with Large Language Modelscited by 3,509
- 2022BERTopic: Neural topic modeling with a class-based TF-IDF procedurecited by 779
- 2024WebVoyager: Building an End-to-End Web Agent with Large Multimodal Modelscited by 424
- 2025LLMs Get Lost In Multi-Turn Conversationcited by 400
- 2023MINT: Evaluating LLMs in Multi-turn Interaction with Tools and Language Feedbackcited by 293
- 2024Design2Code: Benchmarking Multimodal Code Generation for Automated Front-End Engineeringcited by 146
- 2024Unlocking the conversion of Web Screenshots into HTML Code with the WebSight Datasetcited by 126
- 2025WebGen-Bench: Evaluating LLMs on Generating Interactive and Functional Websites from Scratchcited by 66
- 2024Interaction2Code: Benchmarking MLLM-based Interactive Webpage Code Generation from Interactive Prototypingcited by 50
7 more
- 2025DesignBench: A Comprehensive Benchmark for MLLM-based Front-end Code Generationcited by 41
- 2024Sketch2Code: Evaluating Vision-Language Models for Interactive Web Design Prototypingcited by 29
- 2025FullFront: Benchmarking MLLMs Across the Full Front-End Engineering Workflowcited by 25
- 2025FrontendBench: A Benchmark for Evaluating LLMs on Front-End Development via Automatic Evaluationcited by 17
- 2025WebUIBench: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Evaluating Multimodal Large Language Models in WebUI-to-Codecited by 14
- 2025ConvCodeWorld: Benchmarking Conversational Code Generation in Reproducible Feedback Environmentscited by 13
- 2025WebGen-Agent: Enhancing Interactive Website Generation with Multi-Level Feedback and Step-Level Reinforcement Learningcited by 11
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Citing papers per year: 2026: 14.
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- 2026SWE-Together: Evaluating Coding Agents in Interactive User Sessionscited by 14
- 2026MiniAppBench: Evaluating the Shift from Text to Interactive HTML Responses in LLM-Powered Assistantscited by 7
- 2026WebCompass: Towards Multimodal Web Coding Evaluation for Code Language Modelscited by 6
- 2026The Verification Horizon: No Silver Bullet for Coding Agent Rewardscited by 6
- 2026LH-Bench: Skill-Grounded Evaluation of Long-Horizon Agents on Subjective Enterprise Taskscited by 3
- 2026LiveEvalBench: Toward Open-World Evaluation for Web Generationcited by 1
- 2026EvoGenUI-Bench: Evaluating LLMs as Multi-Turn Generative UI Assistantscited by 1
- 2026Omni2Web: Benchmarking Audiovisual Website Developmentcited by 1
- 2026StaminaBench: Stress-Testing Coding Agents over 100 Interaction Turnscited by 0
- 2026Framework and Benchmark for Code-Driven Agentic Testing in Web Developmentcited by 0
- 2026Agentic Visual Generation: From Generative Models to Agentic Controlcited by 0
- 2026MTAC-IFBench: Benchmarking Instruction-Following in Multi-Turn Agentic Codingcited by 0
- 2026Omni2Web: Benchmarking Audiovisual Website Development20 Sep 2026
- 2026WebCraftBench: Evaluating Web Application Generation from a Software Testing Perspective14 Sep 2026
- 2026MTAC-IFBench: Benchmarking Instruction-Following in Multi-Turn Agentic Coding14 Sep 2026
- 2026Agentic Visual Generation: From Generative Models to Agentic Control6 Sep 2026
- 2026Framework and Benchmark for Code-Driven Agentic Testing in Web Development31 Aug 2026
- 2026EvoGenUI-Bench: Evaluating LLMs as Multi-Turn Generative UI Assistants29 Aug 2026
- 2026WatchPoint: Executable User Feedback for Real-World Agentic Web Development10 Aug 2026
- 2026LiveEvalBench: Toward Open-World Evaluation for Web Generation4 Aug 2026
- 2026SWE-Together: Evaluating Coding Agents in Interactive User Sessions29 Jun 2026
- 2026The Verification Horizon: No Silver Bullet for Coding Agent Rewards24 Jun 2026
- 2026StaminaBench: Stress-Testing Coding Agents over 100 Interaction Turns17 Jun 2026
- 2026WebCompass: Towards Multimodal Web Coding Evaluation for Code Language Models20 Apr 2026
- 2026SWE-Together: Evaluating Coding Agents in Interactive User Sessionscited by 14
- 2026WebCompass: Towards Multimodal Web Coding Evaluation for Code Language Modelscited by 6
- 2026The Verification Horizon: No Silver Bullet for Coding Agent Rewardscited by 6
- 2026LH-Bench: Skill-Grounded Evaluation of Long-Horizon Agents on Subjective Enterprise Taskscited by 3
- 2026StaminaBench: Stress-Testing Coding Agents over 100 Interaction Turnscited by 0
- 2026Framework and Benchmark for Code-Driven Agentic Testing in Web Developmentcited by 0
- 2026Agentic Visual Generation: From Generative Models to Agentic Controlcited by 0
- 2026MTAC-IFBench: Benchmarking Instruction-Following in Multi-Turn Agentic Codingcited by 0
- 2026WatchPoint: Executable User Feedback for Real-World Agentic Web Developmentcited by 0
- 2026MTAC-IFBench: Benchmarking Instruction-Following in Multi-Turn Agentic Coding14 Sep 2026
- 2026Agentic Visual Generation: From Generative Models to Agentic Control6 Sep 2026
- 2026Framework and Benchmark for Code-Driven Agentic Testing in Web Development31 Aug 2026
- 2026WatchPoint: Executable User Feedback for Real-World Agentic Web Development10 Aug 2026
- 2026SWE-Together: Evaluating Coding Agents in Interactive User Sessions29 Jun 2026
- 2026The Verification Horizon: No Silver Bullet for Coding Agent Rewards24 Jun 2026
- 2026StaminaBench: Stress-Testing Coding Agents over 100 Interaction Turns17 Jun 2026
- 2026WebCompass: Towards Multimodal Web Coding Evaluation for Code Language Models20 Apr 2026
- 2026LH-Bench: Skill-Grounded Evaluation of Long-Horizon Agents on Subjective Enterprise Tasks24 Mar 2026
- 2026MiniAppBench: Evaluating the Shift from Text to Interactive HTML Responses in LLM-Powered Assistantscited by 7
- 2026LiveEvalBench: Toward Open-World Evaluation for Web Generationcited by 1
- 2026EvoGenUI-Bench: Evaluating LLMs as Multi-Turn Generative UI Assistantscited by 1
- 2026Omni2Web: Benchmarking Audiovisual Website Developmentcited by 1
- 2026WebCraftBench: Evaluating Web Application Generation from a Software Testing Perspectivecited by 0
- 2026Omni2Web: Benchmarking Audiovisual Website Development20 Sep 2026
- 2026WebCraftBench: Evaluating Web Application Generation from a Software Testing Perspective14 Sep 2026
- 2026EvoGenUI-Bench: Evaluating LLMs as Multi-Turn Generative UI Assistants29 Aug 2026
- 2026LiveEvalBench: Toward Open-World Evaluation for Web Generation4 Aug 2026
- 2026MiniAppBench: Evaluating the Shift from Text to Interactive HTML Responses in LLM-Powered Assistants10 Mar 2026
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