mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Text Generation Beyond Discrete Token Sampling

arXiv 2505.14827 ↗First posted 20 May 2025cs.CL cs.AIcited by 21

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Abstract (arXiv)

In standard autoregressive generation, an LLM predicts the next-token distribution, samples a discrete token, and then discards the distribution, passing only the sampled token as new input. To preserve this distribution's rich information, we propose Mixture of Inputs (MoI), a training-free method for autoregressive generation. After generating a token following the standard paradigm, we construct a new input that blends the generated discrete token with the previously discarded token distribution. Specifically, we employ a Bayesian estimation method that treats the token distribution as the prior, the sampled token as the observation, and replaces the conventional one-hot vector with the continuous posterior expectation as the new model input. MoI allows the model to maintain a richer internal representation throughout the generation process, resulting in improved text quality and reasoning capabilities. On mathematical reasoning, code generation, and PhD-level QA tasks, MoI consistently improves performance across multiple models including QwQ-32B, Nemotron-Super-49B, Gemma-3-27B, and DAPO-Qwen-32B, with no additional training and negligible computational overhead.

Key facts. Cited by 21 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 34 of its 45 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 20 May 2025.

Builds on

34 of 45 references.

References · 34

  1. 2023GPT-4 Technical Reportcited by 18,396
  2. 2024The Llama 3 Herd of Modelscited by 14,715
  3. 2022Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Modelscited by 12,459
  4. 2023Judging LLM-as-a-Judge with MT-Bench and Chatbot Arenacited by 8,626
  5. 2023Efficient Memory Management for Large Language Model Serving with PagedAttentioncited by 5,944
  6. 2024Qwen2.5 Technical Reportcited by 4,942
  7. 2023Tree of Thoughts: Deliberate Problem Solving with Large Language Modelscited by 3,211
  8. 2023Mistral 7Bcited by 3,164
  9. 2014Sequence to Sequence Learning with Neural Networkscited by 2,986
  10. 2019The Curious Case of Neural Text Degenerationcited by 2,916
  11. 2023GPQA: A Graduate-Level Google-Proof Q&A Benchmarkcited by 2,879
  12. 2021Pre-train, Prompt, and Predict: A Systematic Survey of Prompting Methods in Natural Language Processingcited by 2,234
22 more
  1. 2024LiveCodeBench: Holistic and Contamination Free Evaluation of Large Language Models for Codecited by 2,004
  2. 2025Gemma 3 Technical Reportcited by 1,824
  3. 2022Least-to-Most Prompting Enables Complex Reasoning in Large Language Modelscited by 1,407
  4. 2022Model soups: averaging weights of multiple fine-tuned models improves accuracy without increasing inference timecited by 1,396
  5. 2022Editing Models with Task Arithmeticcited by 1,120
  6. 2023Steering Language Models With Activation Engineeringcited by 922
  7. 2024Gemma: Open Models Based on Gemini Research and Technologycited by 916
  8. 2023TIES-Merging: Resolving Interference When Merging Modelscited by 818
  9. 2024Training Large Language Models to Reason in a Continuous Latent Spacecited by 797
  10. 2023The Linear Representation Hypothesis and the Geometry of Large Language Modelscited by 716
  11. 2021Learning How to Ask: Querying LMs with Mixtures of Soft Promptscited by 377
  12. 2023Emergent Linear Representations in World Models of Self-Supervised Sequence Modelscited by 319
  13. 2013Good Debt or Bad Debt: Detecting Semantic Orientations in Economic Textscited by 310
  14. 2023LLMLingua: Compressing Prompts for Accelerated Inference of Large Language Modelscited by 287
  15. 2022Extracting Latent Steering Vectors from Pretrained Language Modelscited by 225
  16. 2024On the Origins of Linear Representations in Large Language Modelscited by 79
  17. 2023It's MBR All the Way Down: Modern Generation Techniques Through the Lens of Minimum Bayes Riskcited by 51
  18. 2025On Linear Representations and Pretraining Data Frequency in Language Modelscited by 23
  19. 2025Task Vectors in In-Context Learning: Emergence, Formation, and Benefitcited by 20
  20. 2023Tree Prompting: Efficient Task Adaptation without Fine-Tuningcited by 18
  21. 2024Vector-ICL: In-context Learning with Continuous Vector Representationscited by 13
  22. 2025Language Models Are Implicitly Continuouscited by 4

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2025: 10; 2026: 11.

21 papers.

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  1. 2025Reasoning Beyond Language: A Comprehensive Survey on Latent Chain-of-Thought Reasoningcited by 78
  2. 2025LLM Latent Reasoning as Chain of Superpositioncited by 39
  3. 2025LLMs are Single-threaded Reasoners: Demystifying the Working Mechanism of Soft Thinkingcited by 38
  4. 2025SofT-GRPO: Surpassing Discrete-Token LLM Reinforcement Learning via Gumbel-Reparameterized Soft-Thinking Policy Optimizationcited by 21
  5. 2026Generative Recursive Reasoningcited by 20
  6. 2025Soft-Masked Diffusion Language Modelscited by 16
  7. 2026Thinking in Uncertainty: Mitigating Hallucinations in MLRMs with Latent Entropy-Aware Decodingcited by 12
  8. 2026Latent-GRPO: Group Relative Policy Optimization for Latent Reasoningcited by 10
  9. 2025Loopholing Discrete Diffusion: Deterministic Bypass of the Sampling Wallcited by 8
  10. 2026Quantifying the Necessity of Chain of Thought through Opaque Serial Depthcited by 8
  11. 2026T^2MLR: Transformer with Temporal Middle-Layer Recurrencecited by 7
  12. 2026Beyond Hard Masks: Progressive Token Evolution for Diffusion Language Modelscited by 6
9 more
  1. 2025Do Large Language Models (Really) Need Statistical Foundations?cited by 5
  2. 2026LEPO: Latent Reasoning Policy Optimization for Large Language Modelscited by 4
  3. 2025Learning to Reason with Mixture of Tokenscited by 3
  4. 2025Lightweight Latent Reasoning for Narrative Taskscited by 2
  5. 2025Multi-Path Collaborative Reasoning via Reinforcement Learningcited by 0
  6. 2026SuperThoughts: Reasoning Tokens in Superpositioncited by 0
  7. 2026Efficient Chain-of-Modality Reasoning via Progressive Compression for Spoken Language Modelscited by 0
  8. 2026RECLAIM: Can Agents Reproduce the Claims of Machine Learning Papers?cited by 0
  9. 2026Pretraining Latent Information Feedback Transformers with Teacher Supervisioncited by 0

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  2. 2025A Survey on Parallel Text Generation: From Parallel Decoding to Diffusion Language Models
  3. 2024Beyond Autoregression: Fast LLMs via Self-Distillation Through Time
  4. 2020Text Generation by Learning from Demonstrations
  5. 2026The Probabilistic Structure of Large Language Models
  6. 2024A Comprehensive Survey of Accelerated Generation Techniques in Large Language Models
  7. 2026MARS: Enabling Autoregressive Models Multi-Token Generation
  8. 2026One-Step Text Generation by Seq-Drifting