mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Cultural Learning-Based Culture Adaptation of Language Models

arXiv 2504.02953 ↗First posted 3 Apr 2025cs.CLcited by 16

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Abstract (arXiv)

Adapting large language models (LLMs) to diverse cultural values is a challenging task, as existing LLMs often reflect the values of specific groups by default, and potentially causing harm to others. In this paper, we present CLCA, a novel framework for enhancing LLM alignment with cultural values based on cultural learning. The framework leverages simulated social interactions to generate conversations in which LLMs engage in role-playing within culturally adapted social scenarios, capturing implicit cultural norms for model fine-tuning. CLCA improves cultural value alignment across various model architectures measured using World Value Survey data, demonstrating the effectiveness of our proposed approach. Our results provide early evidence that understanding intent and social interactions can enhance cultural value adaptation in LLMs, highlighting the promise of training approaches based on cultural learning.

Key facts. Cited by 16 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 42 of its 68 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 3 Apr 2025.

Builds on

42 of 68 references.

References · 42

  1. 2022Training language models to follow instructions with human feedbackcited by 15,971
  2. 2023LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Modelscited by 14,132
  3. 2021Training Verifiers to Solve Math Word Problemscited by 10,109
  4. 2023Judging LLM-as-a-Judge with MT-Bench and Chatbot Arenacited by 8,626
  5. 2023Improving Factuality and Reasoning in Language Models through Multiagent Debatecited by 1,784
  6. 2023Can LLMs Express Their Uncertainty? An Empirical Evaluation of Confidence Elicitation in LLMscited by 974
  7. 2022Out of One, Many: Using Language Models to Simulate Human Samplescited by 752
  8. 2022Teaching Models to Express Their Uncertainty in Wordscited by 751
  9. 2023Prometheus: Inducing Fine-grained Evaluation Capability in Language Modelscited by 575
  10. 2021The FLORES-101 Evaluation Benchmark for Low-Resource and Multilingual Machine Translationcited by 560
  11. 2018Behavioral Cloning from Observationcited by 492
  12. 2018An Algorithmic Perspective on Imitation Learningcited by 459
30 more
  1. 2023Towards Measuring the Representation of Subjective Global Opinions in Language Modelscited by 437
  2. 2023SOTOPIA: Interactive Evaluation for Social Intelligence in Language Agentscited by 367
  3. 2022Social Simulacra: Creating Populated Prototypes for Social Computing Systemscited by 301
  4. 2020Social Chemistry 101: Learning to Reason about Social and Moral Normscited by 255
  5. 2022Challenges and Strategies in Cross-Cultural NLPcited by 218
  6. 2023Assessing Cross-Cultural Alignment between ChatGPT and Human Societies: An Empirical Studycited by 206
  7. 2024Towards Measuring and Modeling "Culture" in LLMs: A Surveycited by 167
  8. 2022Probing Pre-Trained Language Models for Cross-Cultural Differences in Valuescited by 149
  9. 2024Large language models that replace human participants can harmfully misportray and flatten identity groupscited by 144
  10. 2024Investigating Cultural Alignment of Large Language Modelscited by 143
  11. 2022ProsocialDialog: A Prosocial Backbone for Conversational Agentscited by 109
  12. 2022Synthetic Text Generation with Differential Privacy: A Simple and Practical Recipecited by 108
  13. 2024Can LLM be a Personalized Judge?cited by 100
  14. 2023CoMPosT: Characterizing and Evaluating Caricature in LLM Simulationscited by 97
  15. 2024SOTOPIA-π: Interactive Learning of Socially Intelligent Language Agentscited by 93
  16. 2023Training Socially Aligned Language Models on Simulated Social Interactionscited by 78
  17. 2024Roleplay-doh: Enabling Domain-Experts to Create LLM-simulated Patients via Eliciting and Adhering to Principlescited by 73
  18. 2024MathGenie: Generating Synthetic Data with Question Back-translation for Enhancing Mathematical Reasoning of LLMscited by 72
  19. 2020Discovering New Intents with Deep Aligned Clusteringcited by 68
  20. 2024WorldValuesBench: A Large-Scale Benchmark Dataset for Multi-Cultural Value Awareness of Language Modelscited by 60
  21. 2024Is this the real life? Is this just fantasy? The Misleading Success of Simulating Social Interactions With LLMscited by 59
  22. 2024SocialBench: Sociality Evaluation of Role-Playing Conversational Agentscited by 50
  23. 2024RLHF Can Speak Many Languages: Unlocking Multilingual Preference Optimization for LLMscited by 43
  24. 2024An image speaks a thousand words, but can everyone listen? On image transcreation for cultural relevancecited by 36
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  26. 2024MathChat: Benchmarking Mathematical Reasoning and Instruction Following in Multi-Turn Interactionscited by 26
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  30. 2024LLM Roleplay: Simulating Human-Chatbot Interactioncited by 15

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2025: 5; 2026: 11.

16 papers.

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  1. 2025CAReDiO: Cultural Alignment via Representativeness and Distinctiveness Guided Data Optimizationcited by 6
  2. 2025We Politely Insist: Your LLM Must Learn the Persian Art of Taarofcited by 6
  3. 2025Tailored Emotional LLM-Supporter: Enhancing Cultural Sensitivitycited by 5
  4. 2025CRaFT: An Explanation-Based Framework for Evaluating Cultural Reasoning in Multilingual Language Modelscited by 2
  5. 2026Structuring the Space of Sociotechnical Alignmentcited by 2
  6. 2025Neuron-Level Analysis of Cultural Understanding in Large Language Modelscited by 1
  7. 2026Cultural Authenticity: Comparing LLM Cultural Representations to Native Human Expectationscited by 1
  8. 2026Position: Introspective Experience from Conversational Environments as a Path to Better Learningcited by 0
  9. 2026Toward Culturally Grounded Natural Language Processingcited by 0
  10. 2026Culture-Aware Humorous Captioning: Multimodal Humor Generation across Cultural Contextscited by 0
  11. 2026Modeling Community Attitude through Reaction Tone: A Human-AI Collaborative Framework for Evaluating LLM Alignment with Linguistic Behaviors in Online Communitiescited by 0
  12. 2026When Meaning Travels: A Granular Lens on Hybrid-MoE's Role in Idiomatic Understanding for Language Modelscited by 0
4 more
  1. 2026CCBENCH: Assessing LLM Cultural Competence via Implicitly Signaled Norms using Health Queriescited by 0
  2. 2026CultureMINE: Datasets and Methods for Improving the Cultural Capabilities of NLP Systemscited by 0
  3. 2026PlurVA-LLM-2026 Shared Task Track-1: Pluralistic Value Alignment in LLMs via Multilingual Fine-Tuning and Threshold Calibrationcited by 0
  4. 2026CRISP: Cultural Reward Modeling for Implicit Situated Proprietycited by 0

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2025From Surveys to Narratives: Rethinking Cultural Value Adaptation in LLMs
  2. 2026Aligned but Flattened: Analyzing the Trade-off between Cultural Alignment and Diversity in LLMs
  3. 2024Self-Alignment: Improving Alignment of Cultural Values in LLMs via In-Context Learning
  4. 2023CDEval: A Benchmark for Measuring the Cultural Dimensions of Large Language Models
  5. 2024NormAd: A Framework for Measuring the Cultural Adaptability of Large Language Models
  6. 2024Navigating the Cultural Kaleidoscope: A Hitchhiker's Guide to Sensitivity in Large Language Models
  7. 2026Scenario-based Probing and Steering Cultural Values in Large Language Models--Extended Version
  8. 2025Cultural Alignment in Large Language Models Using Soft Prompt Tuning