BRIGHTER: BRIdging the Gap in Human-Annotated Textual Emotion Recognition Datasets for 28 Languages
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Abstract (arXiv)
People worldwide use language in subtle and complex ways to express emotions. Although emotion recognition--an umbrella term for several NLP tasks--impacts various applications within NLP and beyond, most work in this area has focused on high-resource languages. This has led to significant disparities in research efforts and proposed solutions, particularly for under-resourced languages, which often lack high-quality annotated datasets. In this paper, we present BRIGHTER--a collection of multi-labeled, emotion-annotated datasets in 28 different languages and across several domains. BRIGHTER primarily covers low-resource languages from Africa, Asia, Eastern Europe, and Latin America, with instances labeled by fluent speakers. We highlight the challenges related to the data collection and annotation processes, and then report experimental results for monolingual and crosslingual multi-label emotion identification, as well as emotion intensity recognition. We analyse the variability in performance across languages and text domains, both with and without the use of LLMs, and show that the BRIGHTER datasets represent a meaningful step towards addressing the gap in text-based emotion recognition.
Key facts. Cited by 27 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 18 of its 59 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 17 Feb 2025.
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References · 18
- 2023LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Modelscited by 14,132
- 2019Unsupervised Cross-lingual Representation Learning at Scalecited by 3,935
- 2020GoEmotions: A Dataset of Fine-Grained Emotionscited by 486
- 2022Challenges and Strategies in Cross-Cultural NLPcited by 218
- 2023AfriSenti: A Twitter Sentiment Analysis Benchmark for African Languagescited by 68
- 2022POTATO: The Portable Text Annotation Toolcited by 64
- 2023Multilingual Language Models are not Multicultural: A Case Study in Emotioncited by 54
- 2023SemEval-2023 Task 12: Sentiment Analysis for African Languages (AfriSenti-SemEval)cited by 41
- 2020XED: A Multilingual Dataset for Sentiment Analysis and Emotion Detectioncited by 33
- 2022Best Practices in the Creation and Use of Emotion Lexiconscited by 27
- 2024Emotion Analysis in NLP: Trends, Gaps and Roadmap for Future Directionscited by 27
- 2020Sentiment Analysis: Automatically Detecting Valence, Emotions, and Other Affectual States from Textcited by 26
6 more
- 2017Capturing Reliable Fine-Grained Sentiment Associations by Crowdsourcing and Best-Worst Scalingcited by 23
- 2024No Culture Left Behind: ArtELingo-28, a Benchmark of WikiArt with Captions in 28 Languagescited by 19
- 2021Discovering Emotion and Reasoning its Flip in Multi-Party Conversations using Masked Memory Network and Transformercited by 14
- 2018Emotion Detection in Text: a Reviewcited by 10
- 2024WorryWords: Norms of Anxiety Association for over 44k English Wordscited by 10
- 2024Emotion Granularity from Text: An Aggregate-Level Indicator of Mental Healthcited by 4
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Citing papers per year: 2025: 19; 2026: 8.
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- 2025AdaReasoner: Adaptive Reasoning Enables More Flexible Thinking in Large Language Modelscited by 17
- 2025SemEval-2025 Task 11: Bridging the Gap in Text-Based Emotion Detectioncited by 9
- 2025AfroXLMR-Social: Adapting Pre-trained Language Models for African Languages Social Media Textcited by 4
- 2025AfriMTEB and AfriE5: Benchmarking and Adapting Text Embedding Models for African Languagescited by 3
- 2026When Gradients Collide: Failure Modes of Multi-Objective Prompt Optimization for LLM Judgescited by 3
- 2025HausaNLP: Current Status, Challenges and Future Directions for Hausa Natural Language Processingcited by 2
- 2025Team A at SemEval-2025 Task 11: Breaking Language Barriers in Emotion Detection with Multilingual Modelscited by 1
- 2025Lotus at SemEval-2025 Task 11: RoBERTa with Llama-3 Generated Explanations for Multi-Label Emotion Classificationcited by 1
- 2025Enhancing Multi-Label Emotion Analysis and Corresponding Intensities for Ethiopian Languagescited by 1
- 2026DimABSA: Building Multilingual and Multidomain Datasets for Dimensional Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysiscited by 1
- 2025JNLP at SemEval-2025 Task 11: Cross-Lingual Multi-Label Emotion Detection Using Generative Modelscited by 0
- 2025University of Indonesia at SemEval-2025 Task 11: Evaluating State-of-the-Art Encoders for Multi-Label Emotion Detectioncited by 0
15 more
- 2025EmoBench-UA: A Benchmark Dataset for Emotion Detection in Ukrainiancited by 0
- 2025Empaths at SemEval-2025 Task 11: Retrieval-Augmented Approach to Perceived Emotions Predictioncited by 0
- 2025HausaNLP at SemEval-2025 Task 11: Hausa Text Emotion Detectioncited by 0
- 2025Few-shot text-based emotion detectioncited by 0
- 2025PromotionGo at SemEval-2025 Task 11: A Feature-Centric Framework for Cross-Lingual Multi-Emotion Detection in Short Textscited by 0
- 2025Addressing Data Imbalance in Transformer-Based Multi-Label Emotion Detection with Weighted Losscited by 0
- 2025Chinchunmei at SemEval-2025 Task 11: Boosting the Large Language Model's Capability of Emotion Perception using Contrastive Learningcited by 0
- 2025CSIRO-LT at SemEval-2025 Task 11: Adapting LLMs for Emotion Recognition for Multiple Languagescited by 0
- 2025Multilingual Hope Speech Detection: A Comparative Study of Logistic Regression, mBERT, and XLM-RoBERTa with Active Learningcited by 0
- 2026ViGoEmotions: A Benchmark Dataset For Fine-grained Emotion Detection on Vietnamese Textscited by 0
- 2026PsihoRo: Depression and Anxiety Romanian Text Corpuscited by 0
- 2026A Survey of Text and Speech Resources for Hausa and Fongbe: Availability, Quality, and Gaps for NLP Developmentcited by 0
- 2026MTEB-BR: A Text Embedding Benchmark for Brazilian Portuguesecited by 0
- 2026Chiaroscuro for Emotions: A Contrastive Emotion Benchmark Grounded in Appraisal Theorycited by 0
- 2026Disentangling Topology and Diversity in Multi-Agent LLMs for Multilingual Low-Resource Emotion Detectioncited by 0
- 2026Disentangling Topology and Diversity in Multi-Agent LLMs for Multilingual Low-Resource Emotion Detection13 Sep 2026
- 2026Chiaroscuro for Emotions: A Contrastive Emotion Benchmark Grounded in Appraisal Theory3 Sep 2026
- 2026MTEB-BR: A Text Embedding Benchmark for Brazilian Portuguese6 Jul 2026
- 2026When Gradients Collide: Failure Modes of Multi-Objective Prompt Optimization for LLM Judges25 May 2026
- 2026A Survey of Text and Speech Resources for Hausa and Fongbe: Availability, Quality, and Gaps for NLP Development13 Apr 2026
- 2026PsihoRo: Depression and Anxiety Romanian Text Corpus20 Feb 2026
- 2026ViGoEmotions: A Benchmark Dataset For Fine-grained Emotion Detection on Vietnamese Texts9 Feb 2026
- 2026DimABSA: Building Multilingual and Multidomain Datasets for Dimensional Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis30 Jan 2026
- 2025AfriMTEB and AfriE5: Benchmarking and Adapting Text Embedding Models for African Languages27 Oct 2025
- 2025Multilingual Hope Speech Detection: A Comparative Study of Logistic Regression, mBERT, and XLM-RoBERTa with Active Learning24 Sep 2025
- 2025CSIRO-LT at SemEval-2025 Task 11: Adapting LLMs for Emotion Recognition for Multiple Languages2 Aug 2025
- 2025Chinchunmei at SemEval-2025 Task 11: Boosting the Large Language Model's Capability of Emotion Perception using Contrastive Learning21 Jul 2025
15 more
- 2025Addressing Data Imbalance in Transformer-Based Multi-Label Emotion Detection with Weighted Loss15 Jul 2025
- 2025PromotionGo at SemEval-2025 Task 11: A Feature-Centric Framework for Cross-Lingual Multi-Emotion Detection in Short Texts11 Jul 2025
- 2025Few-shot text-based emotion detection8 Jul 2025
- 2025HausaNLP at SemEval-2025 Task 11: Hausa Text Emotion Detection19 Jun 2025
- 2025Empaths at SemEval-2025 Task 11: Retrieval-Augmented Approach to Perceived Emotions Prediction4 Jun 2025
- 2025EmoBench-UA: A Benchmark Dataset for Emotion Detection in Ukrainian29 May 2025
- 2025AdaReasoner: Adaptive Reasoning Enables More Flexible Thinking in Large Language Models22 May 2025
- 2025University of Indonesia at SemEval-2025 Task 11: Evaluating State-of-the-Art Encoders for Multi-Label Emotion Detection22 May 2025
- 2025HausaNLP: Current Status, Challenges and Future Directions for Hausa Natural Language Processing20 May 2025
- 2025JNLP at SemEval-2025 Task 11: Cross-Lingual Multi-Label Emotion Detection Using Generative Models19 May 2025
- 2025Enhancing Multi-Label Emotion Analysis and Corresponding Intensities for Ethiopian Languages24 Mar 2025
- 2025AfroXLMR-Social: Adapting Pre-trained Language Models for African Languages Social Media Text24 Mar 2025
- 2025SemEval-2025 Task 11: Bridging the Gap in Text-Based Emotion Detection10 Mar 2025
- 2025Lotus at SemEval-2025 Task 11: RoBERTa with Llama-3 Generated Explanations for Multi-Label Emotion Classification27 Feb 2025
- 2025Team A at SemEval-2025 Task 11: Breaking Language Barriers in Emotion Detection with Multilingual Models27 Feb 2025
- 2025SemEval-2025 Task 11: Bridging the Gap in Text-Based Emotion Detectioncited by 9
- 2025AfroXLMR-Social: Adapting Pre-trained Language Models for African Languages Social Media Textcited by 4
- 2026When Gradients Collide: Failure Modes of Multi-Objective Prompt Optimization for LLM Judgescited by 3
- 2025HausaNLP: Current Status, Challenges and Future Directions for Hausa Natural Language Processingcited by 2
- 2025Team A at SemEval-2025 Task 11: Breaking Language Barriers in Emotion Detection with Multilingual Modelscited by 1
- 2025Lotus at SemEval-2025 Task 11: RoBERTa with Llama-3 Generated Explanations for Multi-Label Emotion Classificationcited by 1
- 2025Enhancing Multi-Label Emotion Analysis and Corresponding Intensities for Ethiopian Languagescited by 1
- 2026DimABSA: Building Multilingual and Multidomain Datasets for Dimensional Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysiscited by 1
- 2025JNLP at SemEval-2025 Task 11: Cross-Lingual Multi-Label Emotion Detection Using Generative Modelscited by 0
- 2025University of Indonesia at SemEval-2025 Task 11: Evaluating State-of-the-Art Encoders for Multi-Label Emotion Detectioncited by 0
- 2025EmoBench-UA: A Benchmark Dataset for Emotion Detection in Ukrainiancited by 0
- 2025Empaths at SemEval-2025 Task 11: Retrieval-Augmented Approach to Perceived Emotions Predictioncited by 0
12 most cited of 24 All 24 (JSON)
- 2026Chiaroscuro for Emotions: A Contrastive Emotion Benchmark Grounded in Appraisal Theory3 Sep 2026
- 2026MTEB-BR: A Text Embedding Benchmark for Brazilian Portuguese6 Jul 2026
- 2026When Gradients Collide: Failure Modes of Multi-Objective Prompt Optimization for LLM Judges25 May 2026
- 2026A Survey of Text and Speech Resources for Hausa and Fongbe: Availability, Quality, and Gaps for NLP Development13 Apr 2026
- 2026PsihoRo: Depression and Anxiety Romanian Text Corpus20 Feb 2026
- 2026ViGoEmotions: A Benchmark Dataset For Fine-grained Emotion Detection on Vietnamese Texts9 Feb 2026
- 2026DimABSA: Building Multilingual and Multidomain Datasets for Dimensional Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis30 Jan 2026
- 2025Multilingual Hope Speech Detection: A Comparative Study of Logistic Regression, mBERT, and XLM-RoBERTa with Active Learning24 Sep 2025
- 2025CSIRO-LT at SemEval-2025 Task 11: Adapting LLMs for Emotion Recognition for Multiple Languages2 Aug 2025
- 2025Chinchunmei at SemEval-2025 Task 11: Boosting the Large Language Model's Capability of Emotion Perception using Contrastive Learning21 Jul 2025
- 2025Addressing Data Imbalance in Transformer-Based Multi-Label Emotion Detection with Weighted Loss15 Jul 2025
- 2025PromotionGo at SemEval-2025 Task 11: A Feature-Centric Framework for Cross-Lingual Multi-Emotion Detection in Short Texts11 Jul 2025
12 newest of 24 All 24 (JSON)