LoRA.rar: Learning to Merge LoRAs via Hypernetworks for Subject-Style Conditioned Image Generation
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Abstract (arXiv)
Recent advancements in image generation models have enabled personalized image creation with both user-defined subjects (content) and styles. Prior works achieved personalization by merging corresponding low-rank adapters (LoRAs) through optimization-based methods, which are computationally demanding and unsuitable for real-time use on resource-constrained devices like smartphones. To address this, we introduce LoRA.rar, a method that not only improves image quality but also achieves a remarkable speedup of over 4000× in the merging process. We collect a dataset of style and subject LoRAs and pre-train a hypernetwork on a diverse set of content-style LoRA pairs, learning an efficient merging strategy that generalizes to new, unseen content-style pairs, enabling fast, high-quality personalization. Moreover, we identify limitations in existing evaluation metrics for content-style quality and propose a new protocol using multimodal large language models (MLLMs) for more accurate assessment. Our method significantly outperforms the current state of the art in both content and style fidelity, as validated by MLLM assessments and human evaluations.
Key facts. Cited by 19 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 50 of its 60 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 6 Dec 2024.
Builds on
50 of 60 references.
References · 50
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- 2021LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Modelscited by 14,380
- 2023Judging LLM-as-a-Judge with MT-Bench and Chatbot Arenacited by 8,626
- 2018A Style-Based Generator Architecture for Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 6,013
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- 2022DreamBooth: Fine Tuning Text-to-Image Diffusion Models for Subject-Driven Generationcited by 3,300
- 2022An Image is Worth One Word: Personalizing Text-to-Image Generation using Textual Inversioncited by 2,245
- 2023IP-Adapter: Text Compatible Image Prompt Adapter for Text-to-Image Diffusion Modelscited by 1,464
- 2022Model soups: averaging weights of multiple fine-tuned models improves accuracy without increasing inference timecited by 1,396
- 2022Editing Models with Task Arithmeticcited by 1,120
- 2022Multi-Concept Customization of Text-to-Image Diffusioncited by 1,106
- 2016HyperNetworkscited by 1,027
38 more
- 2023TIES-Merging: Resolving Interference When Merging Modelscited by 818
- 2023Language Models are Super Mario: Absorbing Abilities from Homologous Models as a Free Lunchcited by 694
- 2023BLIP-Diffusion: Pre-trained Subject Representation for Controllable Text-to-Image Generation and Editingcited by 442
- 2023ELITE: Encoding Visual Concepts into Textual Embeddings for Customized Text-to-Image Generationcited by 416
- 2024MLLM-as-a-Judge: Assessing Multimodal LLM-as-a-Judge with Vision-Language Benchmarkcited by 372
- 2023SVDiff: Compact Parameter Space for Diffusion Fine-Tuningcited by 338
- 2023Mix-of-Show: Decentralized Low-Rank Adaptation for Multi-Concept Customization of Diffusion Modelscited by 261
- 2024Model Merging in LLMs, MLLMs, and Beyond: Methods, Theories, Applications and Opportunitiescited by 254
- 2023P+: Extended Textual Conditioning in Text-to-Image Generationcited by 242
- 2023HyperDreamBooth: HyperNetworks for Fast Personalization of Text-to-Image Modelscited by 225
- 2023Subject-driven Text-to-Image Generation via Apprenticeship Learningcited by 212
- 2023Encoder-based Domain Tuning for Fast Personalization of Text-to-Image Modelscited by 203
- 2023Key-Locked Rank One Editing for Text-to-Image Personalizationcited by 194
- 2023ZipLoRA: Any Subject in Any Style by Effectively Merging LoRAscited by 194
- 2024Arcee's MergeKit: A Toolkit for Merging Large Language Modelscited by 194
- 2023Subject-Diffusion:Open Domain Personalized Text-to-Image Generation without Test-time Fine-tuningcited by 191
- 2024Implicit Style-Content Separation using B-LoRAcited by 135
- 2024LLaVA-Critic: Learning to Evaluate Multimodal Modelscited by 134
- 2024DreamBench++: A Human-Aligned Benchmark for Personalized Image Generationcited by 131
- 2023Kosmos-G: Generating Images in Context with Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 105
- 2023A Brief Review of Hypernetworks in Deep Learningcited by 102
- 2023Domain-Agnostic Tuning-Encoder for Fast Personalization of Text-To-Image Modelscited by 85
- 2023ImagenHub: Standardizing the evaluation of conditional image generation modelscited by 77
- 2024LoRA-Composer: Leveraging Low-Rank Adaptation for Multi-Concept Customization in Training-Free Diffusion Modelscited by 55
- 2024JeDi: Joint-Image Diffusion Models for Finetuning-Free Personalized Text-to-Image Generationcited by 52
- 2024λ-ECLIPSE: Multi-Concept Personalized Text-to-Image Diffusion Models by Leveraging CLIP Latent Spacecited by 51
- 2024Model Merging and Safety Alignment: One Bad Model Spoils the Bunchcited by 43
- 2024VL-ICL Bench: The Devil in the Details of Multimodal In-Context Learningcited by 36
- 2024BootPIG: Bootstrapping Zero-shot Personalized Image Generation Capabilities in Pretrained Diffusion Modelscited by 27
- 2024FreeTuner: Any Subject in Any Style with Training-free Diffusioncited by 24
- 2023ViCo: Plug-and-play Visual Condition for Personalized Text-to-image Generationcited by 23
- 2023KOALA: Empirical Lessons Toward Memory-Efficient and Fast Diffusion Models for Text-to-Image Synthesiscited by 18
- 2023Controllable Textual Inversion for Personalized Text-to-Image Generationcited by 14
- 2024Can MLLMs Perform Text-to-Image In-Context Learning?cited by 13
- 2024DiffLoRA: Generating Personalized Low-Rank Adaptation Weights with Diffusioncited by 12
- 2024DreamCache: Finetuning-Free Lightweight Personalized Image Generation via Feature Cachingcited by 6
- 2024Break-for-Make: Modular Low-Rank Adaptations for Composable Content-Style Customizationcited by 5
- 2024Toffee: Efficient Million-Scale Dataset Construction for Subject-Driven Text-to-Image Generationcited by 4
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Citing papers per year: 2025: 6; 2026: 13.
19 papers.
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- 2025Personalized Image Generation with Deep Generative Models: A Decade Surveycited by 20
- 2025Keeping Yourself is Important in Downstream Tuning Multimodal Large Language Modelcited by 16
- 2025HydraOpt: Navigating the Efficiency-Performance Trade-off of Adapter Mergingcited by 6
- 2025Efficient Compositional Multi-tasking for On-device Large Language Modelscited by 4
- 2025K-Merge: Online Continual Merging of Adapters for On-device Large Language Modelscited by 4
- 2026DiffGraph: An Automated Agent-driven Model Merging Framework for In-the-Wild Text-to-Image Generationcited by 4
- 2026Low-Rank Adaptation Redux for Large Modelscited by 3
- 2025On-device System of Compositional Multi-tasking in Large Language Modelscited by 2
- 2026Not All Layers Are Created Equal: Adaptive LoRA Ranks for Personalized Image Generationcited by 2
- 2026The Override Gap: A Magnitude Account of Knowledge Conflict Failure in Hypernetwork-Based Instant LLM Adaptationcited by 2
- 2026LoRA-Key: User-Centric LoRA Watermarking for Text-to-Image Diffusion Modelscited by 1
- 2026SSR-Merge: Subspace Signal Routing for Training-Free LoRA Merging in Diffusion Modelscited by 1
7 more
- 2026DuoMem: Towards Capable On-Device Memory Agents via Dual-Space Distillationcited by 1
- 2026Data-driven Clustering and Merging of Adapters for On-device Large Language Modelscited by 0
- 2026Training-Free Multi-Concept Image Editingcited by 0
- 2026Training-Free Multi-Concept LoRA Composition with Prompt-Aware Weightingcited by 0
- 2026Model Merging for Medical LVLMs: A Benchmark and a Winner-Take-All Approachcited by 0
- 2026DA-MergeLoRA: Hypernetwork-Based LoRA Merging for Few-Shot Test-Time Domain Adaptationcited by 0
- 2026SkillSmith: Learning to Compose Parametric Skills and Textual Knowledgecited by 0
- 2026SkillSmith: Learning to Compose Parametric Skills and Textual Knowledge29 Jul 2026
- 2026DA-MergeLoRA: Hypernetwork-Based LoRA Merging for Few-Shot Test-Time Domain Adaptation20 Jul 2026
- 2026Model Merging for Medical LVLMs: A Benchmark and a Winner-Take-All Approach17 Jul 2026
- 2026DuoMem: Towards Capable On-Device Memory Agents via Dual-Space Distillation29 Jun 2026
- 2026SSR-Merge: Subspace Signal Routing for Training-Free LoRA Merging in Diffusion Models9 Jun 2026
- 2026Training-Free Multi-Concept LoRA Composition with Prompt-Aware Weighting2 Jun 2026
- 2026LoRA-Key: User-Centric LoRA Watermarking for Text-to-Image Diffusion Models28 May 2026
- 2026The Override Gap: A Magnitude Account of Knowledge Conflict Failure in Hypernetwork-Based Instant LLM Adaptation26 Apr 2026
- 2026Low-Rank Adaptation Redux for Large Models23 Apr 2026
- 2026Not All Layers Are Created Equal: Adaptive LoRA Ranks for Personalized Image Generation23 Mar 2026
- 2026DiffGraph: An Automated Agent-driven Model Merging Framework for In-the-Wild Text-to-Image Generation20 Mar 2026
- 2026Training-Free Multi-Concept Image Editing24 Feb 2026
7 more
- 2026Data-driven Clustering and Merging of Adapters for On-device Large Language Models24 Jan 2026
- 2025K-Merge: Online Continual Merging of Adapters for On-device Large Language Models15 Oct 2025
- 2025On-device System of Compositional Multi-tasking in Large Language Models11 Oct 2025
- 2025HydraOpt: Navigating the Efficiency-Performance Trade-off of Adapter Merging23 Jul 2025
- 2025Efficient Compositional Multi-tasking for On-device Large Language Models21 Jul 2025
- 2025Keeping Yourself is Important in Downstream Tuning Multimodal Large Language Model6 Mar 2025
- 2025Personalized Image Generation with Deep Generative Models: A Decade Survey18 Feb 2025
- 2026DiffGraph: An Automated Agent-driven Model Merging Framework for In-the-Wild Text-to-Image Generationcited by 4
- 2026Not All Layers Are Created Equal: Adaptive LoRA Ranks for Personalized Image Generationcited by 2
- 2026LoRA-Key: User-Centric LoRA Watermarking for Text-to-Image Diffusion Modelscited by 1
- 2026SSR-Merge: Subspace Signal Routing for Training-Free LoRA Merging in Diffusion Modelscited by 1
- 2026Training-Free Multi-Concept Image Editingcited by 0
- 2026Training-Free Multi-Concept LoRA Composition with Prompt-Aware Weightingcited by 0
- 2026SSR-Merge: Subspace Signal Routing for Training-Free LoRA Merging in Diffusion Models9 Jun 2026
- 2026Training-Free Multi-Concept LoRA Composition with Prompt-Aware Weighting2 Jun 2026
- 2026LoRA-Key: User-Centric LoRA Watermarking for Text-to-Image Diffusion Models28 May 2026
- 2026Not All Layers Are Created Equal: Adaptive LoRA Ranks for Personalized Image Generation23 Mar 2026
- 2026DiffGraph: An Automated Agent-driven Model Merging Framework for In-the-Wild Text-to-Image Generation20 Mar 2026
- 2026Training-Free Multi-Concept Image Editing24 Feb 2026
- 2025Personalized Image Generation with Deep Generative Models: A Decade Surveycited by 20
- 2025HydraOpt: Navigating the Efficiency-Performance Trade-off of Adapter Mergingcited by 6
- 2025Efficient Compositional Multi-tasking for On-device Large Language Modelscited by 4
- 2025K-Merge: Online Continual Merging of Adapters for On-device Large Language Modelscited by 4
- 2026Low-Rank Adaptation Redux for Large Modelscited by 3
- 2025On-device System of Compositional Multi-tasking in Large Language Modelscited by 2
- 2026The Override Gap: A Magnitude Account of Knowledge Conflict Failure in Hypernetwork-Based Instant LLM Adaptationcited by 2
- 2026Data-driven Clustering and Merging of Adapters for On-device Large Language Modelscited by 0
- 2026DA-MergeLoRA: Hypernetwork-Based LoRA Merging for Few-Shot Test-Time Domain Adaptationcited by 0
- 2026DA-MergeLoRA: Hypernetwork-Based LoRA Merging for Few-Shot Test-Time Domain Adaptation20 Jul 2026
- 2026The Override Gap: A Magnitude Account of Knowledge Conflict Failure in Hypernetwork-Based Instant LLM Adaptation26 Apr 2026
- 2026Low-Rank Adaptation Redux for Large Models23 Apr 2026
- 2026Data-driven Clustering and Merging of Adapters for On-device Large Language Models24 Jan 2026
- 2025K-Merge: Online Continual Merging of Adapters for On-device Large Language Models15 Oct 2025
- 2025On-device System of Compositional Multi-tasking in Large Language Models11 Oct 2025
- 2025HydraOpt: Navigating the Efficiency-Performance Trade-off of Adapter Merging23 Jul 2025
- 2025Efficient Compositional Multi-tasking for On-device Large Language Models21 Jul 2025
- 2025Personalized Image Generation with Deep Generative Models: A Decade Survey18 Feb 2025
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