mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

GAOKAO-MM: A Chinese Human-Level Benchmark for Multimodal Models Evaluation

arXiv 2402.15745 ↗First posted 24 Feb 2024cs.CL cs.AI cs.CVcited by 10

On the map: Multimodal LLMs / vision-language models → VLM benchmarks and visual reasoning

Abstract (arXiv)

The Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) have demonstrated great abilities in image perception and language understanding. However, existing multimodal benchmarks focus on primary perception abilities and commonsense knowledge which are insufficient to reflect the comprehensive capabilities of LVLMs. We propose GAOKAO-MM, a multimodal benchmark based on the Chinese College Entrance Examination (GAOKAO), comprising of 8 subjects and 12 types of images, such as diagrams, function graphs, maps and photos. GAOKAO-MM derives from native Chinese context and sets human-level requirements for the model's abilities, including perception, understanding, knowledge and reasoning. We evaluate 10 LVLMs and find that the accuracies of all of them are lower than 50%, with GPT-4-Vison (48.1%), Qwen-VL-Plus (41.2%) and Gemini-Pro-Vision (35.1%) ranking in the top three positions. The results of our multi-dimension analysis indicate that LVLMs have moderate distance towards Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) and provide insights facilitating the development of multilingual LVLMs.

Key facts. Cited by 10 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in VLM benchmarks and visual reasoning, one of 16 directions in Multimodal LLMs / vision-language models. Builds on 16 of its 30 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 24 Feb 2024.

Builds on

16 of 30 references.

Closest ancestors · 2

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2023MathVista: Evaluating Mathematical Reasoning of Foundation Models in Visual Contexts3 Oct
  2. 2023Qwen-VL: A Versatile Vision-Language Model for Understanding, Localization, Text Reading, and Beyond24 Aug

Other references · 14

  1. 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,199
  2. 2023Improved Baselines with Visual Instruction Tuningcited by 4,362
  3. 2023Sparks of Artificial General Intelligence: Early experiments with GPT-4cited by 2,579
  4. 2016Making the V in VQA Matter: Elevating the Role of Image Understanding in Visual Question Answeringcited by 2,498
  5. 2023MMMU: A Massive Multi-discipline Multimodal Understanding and Reasoning Benchmark for Expert AGIcited by 2,044
  6. 2022Learn to Explain: Multimodal Reasoning via Thought Chains for Science Question Answeringcited by 1,881
  7. 2019Towards VQA Models That Can Readcited by 1,696
  8. 2023MM-Vet: Evaluating Large Multimodal Models for Integrated Capabilitiescited by 1,221
  9. 2019OK-VQA: A Visual Question Answering Benchmark Requiring External Knowledgecited by 1,114
  10. 2021GLM: General Language Model Pretraining with Autoregressive Blank Infillingcited by 1,026
  11. 2016A Diagram Is Worth A Dozen Imagescited by 793
  12. 2017FigureQA: An Annotated Figure Dataset for Visual Reasoningcited by 314
2 more
  1. 2021IconQA: A New Benchmark for Abstract Diagram Understanding and Visual Language Reasoningcited by 262
  2. 2023Evaluating the Performance of Large Language Models on GAOKAO Benchmarkcited by 182

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 1; 2025: 5; 2026: 4.

10 papers.

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2023Q-Bench: A Benchmark for General-Purpose Foundation Models on Low-level Vision
  2. 2025Benchmarking Large Vision-Language Models on Fine-Grained Image Tasks: A Comprehensive Evaluation
  3. 2026Almieyar-Oryx-BloomBench: A Bilingual Multimodal Benchmark for Cognitively Informed Evaluation of Vision-Language Models
  4. 2024CVLUE: A New Benchmark Dataset for Chinese Vision-Language Understanding Evaluation
  5. 2024MMIU: Multimodal Multi-image Understanding for Evaluating Large Vision-Language Models
  6. 2024Heron-Bench: A Benchmark for Evaluating Vision Language Models in Japanese
  7. 2023MMBench: Is Your Multi-modal Model an All-around Player?
  8. 2024Benchmarking Multi-Image Understanding in Vision and Language Models: Perception, Knowledge, Reasoning, and Multi-Hop Reasoning