GAOKAO-MM: A Chinese Human-Level Benchmark for Multimodal Models Evaluation
On the map: Multimodal LLMs / vision-language models → VLM benchmarks and visual reasoning
Abstract (arXiv)
The Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) have demonstrated great abilities in image perception and language understanding. However, existing multimodal benchmarks focus on primary perception abilities and commonsense knowledge which are insufficient to reflect the comprehensive capabilities of LVLMs. We propose GAOKAO-MM, a multimodal benchmark based on the Chinese College Entrance Examination (GAOKAO), comprising of 8 subjects and 12 types of images, such as diagrams, function graphs, maps and photos. GAOKAO-MM derives from native Chinese context and sets human-level requirements for the model's abilities, including perception, understanding, knowledge and reasoning. We evaluate 10 LVLMs and find that the accuracies of all of them are lower than 50%, with GPT-4-Vison (48.1%), Qwen-VL-Plus (41.2%) and Gemini-Pro-Vision (35.1%) ranking in the top three positions. The results of our multi-dimension analysis indicate that LVLMs have moderate distance towards Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) and provide insights facilitating the development of multilingual LVLMs.
Key facts. Cited by 10 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in VLM benchmarks and visual reasoning, one of 16 directions in Multimodal LLMs / vision-language models. Builds on 16 of its 30 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 24 Feb 2024.
Builds on
16 of 30 references.
Closest ancestors · 2
Same direction, newest first
- 2023MathVista: Evaluating Mathematical Reasoning of Foundation Models in Visual Contexts3 Oct
- 2023Qwen-VL: A Versatile Vision-Language Model for Understanding, Localization, Text Reading, and Beyond24 Aug
Other references · 14
- 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,199
- 2023Improved Baselines with Visual Instruction Tuningcited by 4,362
- 2023Sparks of Artificial General Intelligence: Early experiments with GPT-4cited by 2,579
- 2016Making the V in VQA Matter: Elevating the Role of Image Understanding in Visual Question Answeringcited by 2,498
- 2023MMMU: A Massive Multi-discipline Multimodal Understanding and Reasoning Benchmark for Expert AGIcited by 2,044
- 2022Learn to Explain: Multimodal Reasoning via Thought Chains for Science Question Answeringcited by 1,881
- 2019Towards VQA Models That Can Readcited by 1,696
- 2023MM-Vet: Evaluating Large Multimodal Models for Integrated Capabilitiescited by 1,221
- 2019OK-VQA: A Visual Question Answering Benchmark Requiring External Knowledgecited by 1,114
- 2021GLM: General Language Model Pretraining with Autoregressive Blank Infillingcited by 1,026
- 2016A Diagram Is Worth A Dozen Imagescited by 793
- 2017FigureQA: An Annotated Figure Dataset for Visual Reasoningcited by 314
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2024: 1; 2025: 5; 2026: 4.
10 papers.
- 2024FlashRAG: A Modular Toolkit for Efficient Retrieval-Augmented Generation Researchcited by 165
- 2025MathCoder-VL: Bridging Vision and Code for Enhanced Multimodal Mathematical Reasoningcited by 45
- 2025AStar: Boosting Multimodal Reasoning with Automated Structured Thinkingcited by 25
- 2025MMSciBench: Benchmarking Language Models on Chinese Multimodal Scientific Problemscited by 10
- 2025QualBench: Benchmarking Chinese LLMs with Localized Professional Qualifications for Vertical Domain Evaluationcited by 5
- 2025K12Vista: Exploring the Boundaries of MLLMs in K-12 Educationcited by 5
- 2026GeoTikzBridge: Advancing Multimodal Code Generation for Geometric Perception and Reasoningcited by 3
- 2026LiveK12Bench: Have Large Multimodal Models Truly Conquered High School-level Examinations?cited by 3
- 2026K12-KGraph: A Curriculum-Aligned Knowledge Graph for Benchmarking and Training Educational LLMscited by 1
- 2026Deep Interaction: An Efficient Human-AI Interaction Method for Large Reasoning Modelscited by 0
- 2026Deep Interaction: An Efficient Human-AI Interaction Method for Large Reasoning Models15 Jul 2026
- 2026LiveK12Bench: Have Large Multimodal Models Truly Conquered High School-level Examinations?26 May 2026
- 2026K12-KGraph: A Curriculum-Aligned Knowledge Graph for Benchmarking and Training Educational LLMs10 May 2026
- 2026GeoTikzBridge: Advancing Multimodal Code Generation for Geometric Perception and Reasoning24 Mar 2026
- 2025K12Vista: Exploring the Boundaries of MLLMs in K-12 Education2 Jun 2025
- 2025MathCoder-VL: Bridging Vision and Code for Enhanced Multimodal Mathematical Reasoning15 May 2025
- 2025QualBench: Benchmarking Chinese LLMs with Localized Professional Qualifications for Vertical Domain Evaluation8 May 2025
- 2025MMSciBench: Benchmarking Language Models on Chinese Multimodal Scientific Problems27 Feb 2025
- 2025AStar: Boosting Multimodal Reasoning with Automated Structured Thinking4 Feb 2025
- 2024FlashRAG: A Modular Toolkit for Efficient Retrieval-Augmented Generation Research22 May 2024
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