mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Cognitive Kernel: An Open-source Agent System towards Generalist Autopilots

arXiv 2409.10277 ↗First posted 16 Sep 2024cs.AIcited by 10

On the map: LLM agents and tool use → GUI and mobile agents

Abstract (arXiv)

We introduce Cognitive Kernel, an open-source agent system towards the goal of generalist autopilots. Unlike copilot systems, which primarily rely on users to provide essential state information (e.g., task descriptions) and assist users by answering questions or auto-completing contents, autopilot systems must complete tasks from start to finish independently, which requires the system to acquire the state information from the environments actively. To achieve this, an autopilot system should be capable of understanding user intents, actively gathering necessary information from various real-world sources, and making wise decisions. Cognitive Kernel adopts a model-centric design. In our implementation, the central policy model (a fine-tuned LLM) initiates interactions with the environment using a combination of atomic actions, such as opening files, clicking buttons, saving intermediate results to memory, or calling the LLM itself. This differs from the widely used environment-centric design, where a task-specific environment with predefined actions is fixed, and the policy model is limited to selecting the correct action from a given set of options. Our design facilitates seamless information flow across various sources and provides greater flexibility. We evaluate our system in three use cases: real-time information management, private information management, and long-term memory management. The results demonstrate that Cognitive Kernel achieves better or comparable performance to other closed-source systems in these scenarios. Cognitive Kernel is fully dockerized, ensuring everyone can deploy it privately and securely. We open-source the system and the backbone model to encourage further research on LLM-driven autopilot systems.

Key facts. Cited by 10 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in GUI and mobile agents, one of 16 directions in LLM agents and tool use. Builds on 52 of its 68 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 16 Sep 2024.

Builds on

52 of 68 references.

Closest ancestors · 2

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2024OSWorld: Benchmarking Multimodal Agents for Open-Ended Tasks in Real Computer Environments11 Apr
  2. 2024OS-Copilot: Towards Generalist Computer Agents with Self-Improvement12 Feb

Other references · 50

  1. 2023GPT-4 Technical Reportcited by 18,396
  2. 2017Proximal Policy Optimization Algorithmscited by 15,215
  3. 2022ReAct: Synergizing Reasoning and Acting in Language Modelscited by 8,695
  4. 2021Evaluating Large Language Models Trained on Codecited by 8,320
  5. 2023Efficient Memory Management for Large Language Model Serving with PagedAttentioncited by 5,944
  6. 2020Dense Passage Retrieval for Open-Domain Question Answeringcited by 3,824
  7. 2015Continuous control with deep reinforcement learningcited by 3,407
  8. 2023A Survey of Large Language Modelscited by 2,576
  9. 2023A Survey on Large Language Model based Autonomous Agentscited by 2,242
  10. 2023WebArena: A Realistic Web Environment for Building Autonomous Agentscited by 2,006
  11. 2015Deep Reinforcement Learning with Double Q-learningcited by 1,745
  12. 2024SWE-agent: Agent-Computer Interfaces Enable Automated Software Engineeringcited by 1,737
38 more
  1. 2023The Rise and Potential of Large Language Model Based Agents: A Surveycited by 1,439
  2. 2023AgentBench: Evaluating LLMs as Agentscited by 1,267
  3. 2023A Survey on Evaluation of Large Language Modelscited by 1,242
  4. 2021Unsupervised Dense Information Retrieval with Contrastive Learningcited by 1,216
  5. 2023LIMA: Less Is More for Alignmentcited by 1,100
  6. 2021MuSiQue: Multihop Questions via Single-hop Question Compositioncited by 916
  7. 2023WizardCoder: Empowering Code Large Language Models with Evol-Instructcited by 733
  8. 2020Deep Reinforcement Learning for Autonomous Driving: A Surveycited by 721
  9. 2024Executable Code Actions Elicit Better LLM Agentscited by 564
  10. 2021A Dataset of Information-Seeking Questions and Answers Anchored in Research Paperscited by 486
  11. 2017A Brief Survey of Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 483
  12. 2021Large Dual Encoders Are Generalizable Retrieverscited by 456
  13. 2024WebVoyager: Building an End-to-End Web Agent with Large Multimodal Modelscited by 438
  14. 2023A Real-World WebAgent with Planning, Long Context Understanding, and Program Synthesiscited by 353
  15. 2023AgentTuning: Enabling Generalized Agent Abilities for LLMscited by 338
  16. 2019Reinforcement Learning in Healthcare: A Surveycited by 310
  17. 2024AutoCodeRover: Autonomous Program Improvementcited by 278
  18. 2023FireAct: Toward Language Agent Fine-tuningcited by 256
  19. 2023OpenChat: Advancing Open-source Language Models with Mixed-Quality Datacited by 252
  20. 2017Deep Reinforcement Learning framework for Autonomous Drivingcited by 225
  21. 2024Agent Q: Advanced Reasoning and Learning for Autonomous AI Agentscited by 208
  22. 2023Chain-of-Note: Enhancing Robustness in Retrieval-Augmented Language Modelscited by 184
  23. 2024AssistantBench: Can Web Agents Solve Realistic and Time-Consuming Tasks?cited by 158
  24. 2024DS-Agent: Automated Data Science by Empowering Large Language Models with Case-Based Reasoningcited by 125
  25. 2024Toward Self-Improvement of LLMs via Imagination, Searching, and Criticizingcited by 125
  26. 2023Chain of Code: Reasoning with a Language Model-Augmented Code Emulatorcited by 123
  27. 2024WebCanvas: Benchmarking Web Agents in Online Environmentscited by 121
  28. 2024AgentGym: Evolving Large Language Model-based Agents across Diverse Environmentscited by 120
  29. 2024WebPilot: A Versatile and Autonomous Multi-Agent System for Web Task Execution with Strategic Explorationcited by 101
  30. 2023Dense X Retrieval: What Retrieval Granularity Should We Use?cited by 88
  31. 2023BOLAA: Benchmarking and Orchestrating LLM-augmented Autonomous Agentscited by 84
  32. 2023Agent Lumos: Unified and Modular Training for Open-Source Language Agentscited by 72
  33. 2023LASER: LLM Agent with State-Space Exploration for Web Navigationcited by 66
  34. 2024StateFlow: Enhancing LLM Task-Solving through State-Driven Workflowscited by 65
  35. 2020Reinforcement Learning in Economics and Financecited by 58
  36. 2024DOCBENCH: A Benchmark for Evaluating LLM-based Document Reading Systemscited by 37
  37. 2023Pangu-Agent: A Fine-Tunable Generalist Agent with Structured Reasoningcited by 30
  38. 2023Natural Language Embedded Programs for Hybrid Language Symbolic Reasoningcited by 15

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 2; 2025: 4; 2026: 4.

10 papers.

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2025Agent S2: A Compositional Generalist-Specialist Framework for Computer Use Agents
  2. 2024Agent S: An Open Agentic Framework that Uses Computers Like a Human
  3. 2026WCM: World-Cognition Model for Generalizable Human-Robot Interaction
  4. 2026Agents in the Large: Perception-Centered Architecture for Persistent Agents
  5. 2025LEO-RobotAgent: A General-purpose Robotic Agent for Language-driven Embodied Operator
  6. 2026Agentic Cognitive Depth: Operational Criteria for Evaluating LLM Agents
  7. 2026ETA: A New Agentic Paradigm for Embodied Tasks
  8. 2026TypeGo: An OS Runtime for Embodied Agents