Do Multilingual Large Language Models Mitigate Stereotype Bias?
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Abstract (arXiv)
While preliminary findings indicate that multilingual LLMs exhibit reduced bias compared to monolingual ones, a comprehensive understanding of the effect of multilingual training on bias mitigation, is lacking. This study addresses this gap by systematically training six LLMs of identical size (2.6B parameters) and architecture: five monolingual models (English, German, French, Italian, and Spanish) and one multilingual model trained on an equal distribution of data across these languages, all using publicly available data. To ensure robust evaluation, standard bias benchmarks were automatically translated into the five target languages and verified for both translation quality and bias preservation by human annotators. Our results consistently demonstrate that multilingual training effectively mitigates bias. Moreover, we observe that multilingual models achieve not only lower bias but also superior prediction accuracy when compared to monolingual models with the same amount of training data, model architecture, and size.
Key facts. Cited by 13 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 33 of its 69 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 8 Jul 2024.
Builds on
33 of 69 references.
References · 33
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 1; 2025: 9; 2026: 3.
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- 2024Bias in Large Language Models: Origin, Evaluation, and Mitigationcited by 77
- 2025Multilingual != Multicultural: Evaluating Gaps Between Multilingual Capabilities and Cultural Alignment in LLMscited by 39
- 2025Religious Bias Landscape in Language and Text-to-Image Models: Analysis, Detection, and Debiasing Strategiescited by 8
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- 2025Breaking Language Barriers or Reinforcing Bias? A Study of Gender and Racial Disparities in Multilingual Contrastive Vision Language Modelscited by 2
- 2025GG-BBQ: German Gender Bias Benchmark for Question Answeringcited by 1
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- 2025Cross-Language Bias Examination in Large Language Modelscited by 1
- 2026Investigating the Influence of Language on Sycophantic Behavior of Multilingual LLMscited by 1
- 2026AmchiBias: Measuring Stereotypical Bias in Goan Identity Groups with a Minimal Pair Dataset in English and Konkanicited by 1
- 2025Assessing Agentic Large Language Models in Multilingual National Biascited by 0
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- 2026DiSCo: A Distribution-First Steering and Cultural Prior Evaluation Framework for Measuring Cultural Preference Bias in LLMs9 Sep 2026
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- 2026Investigating the Influence of Language on Sycophantic Behavior of Multilingual LLMs29 Mar 2026
- 2025Cross-Language Bias Examination in Large Language Models17 Dec 2025
- 2025Textual Data Bias Detection and Mitigation -- An Extensible Pipeline with Experimental Evaluation11 Dec 2025
- 2025Everyday Physics in Korean Contexts: A Culturally Grounded Physical Reasoning Benchmark22 Sep 2025
- 2025GG-BBQ: German Gender Bias Benchmark for Question Answering22 Jul 2025
- 2025Breaking Language Barriers or Reinforcing Bias? A Study of Gender and Racial Disparities in Multilingual Contrastive Vision Language Models20 May 2025
- 2025Ontologies in Design: How Imagining a Tree Reveals Possibilites and Assumptions in Large Language Models3 Apr 2025
- 2025Assessing Agentic Large Language Models in Multilingual National Bias25 Feb 2025
- 2025Multilingual != Multicultural: Evaluating Gaps Between Multilingual Capabilities and Cultural Alignment in LLMs23 Feb 2025
- 2025Religious Bias Landscape in Language and Text-to-Image Models: Analysis, Detection, and Debiasing Strategies14 Jan 2025
1 more
- 2024Bias in Large Language Models: Origin, Evaluation, and Mitigationcited by 77
- 2025Multilingual != Multicultural: Evaluating Gaps Between Multilingual Capabilities and Cultural Alignment in LLMscited by 39
- 2025Religious Bias Landscape in Language and Text-to-Image Models: Analysis, Detection, and Debiasing Strategiescited by 8
- 2025Ontologies in Design: How Imagining a Tree Reveals Possibilites and Assumptions in Large Language Modelscited by 3
- 2025GG-BBQ: German Gender Bias Benchmark for Question Answeringcited by 1
- 2025Cross-Language Bias Examination in Large Language Modelscited by 1
- 2026Investigating the Influence of Language on Sycophantic Behavior of Multilingual LLMscited by 1
- 2026AmchiBias: Measuring Stereotypical Bias in Goan Identity Groups with a Minimal Pair Dataset in English and Konkanicited by 1
- 2025Textual Data Bias Detection and Mitigation -- An Extensible Pipeline with Experimental Evaluationcited by 0
- 2026DiSCo: A Distribution-First Steering and Cultural Prior Evaluation Framework for Measuring Cultural Preference Bias in LLMscited by 0
- 2026DiSCo: A Distribution-First Steering and Cultural Prior Evaluation Framework for Measuring Cultural Preference Bias in LLMs9 Sep 2026
- 2026AmchiBias: Measuring Stereotypical Bias in Goan Identity Groups with a Minimal Pair Dataset in English and Konkani13 Jun 2026
- 2026Investigating the Influence of Language on Sycophantic Behavior of Multilingual LLMs29 Mar 2026
- 2025Cross-Language Bias Examination in Large Language Models17 Dec 2025
- 2025Textual Data Bias Detection and Mitigation -- An Extensible Pipeline with Experimental Evaluation11 Dec 2025
- 2025GG-BBQ: German Gender Bias Benchmark for Question Answering22 Jul 2025
- 2025Ontologies in Design: How Imagining a Tree Reveals Possibilites and Assumptions in Large Language Models3 Apr 2025
- 2025Multilingual != Multicultural: Evaluating Gaps Between Multilingual Capabilities and Cultural Alignment in LLMs23 Feb 2025
- 2025Religious Bias Landscape in Language and Text-to-Image Models: Analysis, Detection, and Debiasing Strategies14 Jan 2025
- 2024Bias in Large Language Models: Origin, Evaluation, and Mitigation16 Nov 2024