mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Pruning via Merging: Compressing LLMs via Manifold Alignment Based Layer Merging

arXiv 2406.16330 ↗First posted 24 Jun 2024cs.CL cs.AIcited by 19

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Abstract (arXiv)

While large language models (LLMs) excel in many domains, their complexity and scale challenge deployment in resource-limited environments. Current compression techniques, such as parameter pruning, often fail to effectively utilize the knowledge from pruned parameters. To address these challenges, we propose Manifold-Based Knowledge Alignment and Layer Merging Compression (MKA), a novel approach that uses manifold learning and the Normalized Pairwise Information Bottleneck (NPIB) measure to merge similar layers, reducing model size while preserving essential performance. We evaluate MKA on multiple benchmark datasets and various LLMs. Our findings show that MKA not only preserves model performance but also achieves substantial compression ratios, outperforming traditional pruning methods. Moreover, when coupled with quantization, MKA delivers even greater compression. Specifically, on the MMLU dataset using the Llama3-8B model, MKA achieves a compression ratio of 43.75% with a minimal performance decrease of only 2.82%. The proposed MKA method offers a resource-efficient and performance-preserving model compression technique for LLMs.

Key facts. Cited by 19 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 44 of its 60 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 24 Jun 2024.

Builds on

44 of 60 references.

References · 44

  1. 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,419
  2. 2023LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Modelscited by 14,132
  3. 2015Distilling the Knowledge in a Neural Networkcited by 10,324
  4. 2020Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understandingcited by 7,963
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  6. 2023Mamba: Linear-Time Sequence Modeling with Selective State Spacescited by 4,718
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  10. 2023Mistral 7Bcited by 3,164
  11. 2018UMAP: Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection for Dimension Reductioncited by 2,898
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32 more
  1. 2015Deep Compression: Compressing Deep Neural Networks with Pruning, Trained Quantization and Huffman Codingcited by 2,329
  2. 2019BoolQ: Exploring the Surprising Difficulty of Natural Yes/No Questionscited by 2,183
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Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 3; 2025: 6; 2026: 10.

19 papers.

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  1. 2025Sub-MoE: Efficient Mixture-of-Expert LLMs Compression via Subspace Expert Mergingcited by 28
  2. 2025RobustMerge: Parameter-Efficient Model Merging for MLLMs with Direction Robustnesscited by 26
  3. 2024Reassessing Layer Pruning in LLMs: New Insights and Methodscited by 24
  4. 2026Mano: Restriking Manifold Optimization for LLM Trainingcited by 12
  5. 2025PUMA: Layer-Pruned Language Model for Efficient Unified Multimodal Retrieval with Modality-Adaptive Learningcited by 11
  6. 2026Why and When Visual Token Pruning Fails? A Study on Relevant Visual Information Shift in MLLMs Decodingcited by 7
  7. 2025Layer as Puzzle Pieces: Compressing Large Language Models through Layer Concatenationcited by 6
  8. 2026LoopQ: Quantization for Looped Language Modelscited by 6
  9. 2025When Fewer Layers Break More Chains: Layer Pruning Harms Test-Time Scaling in LLMscited by 5
  10. 2025BaldWhisper: Faster Whisper with Head Shearing and Layer Mergingcited by 4
  11. 2026GradPruner: Gradient-Guided Layer Pruning Enabling Efficient Fine-Tuning and Inference for LLMscited by 3
  12. 2024From Pruning to Grafting: Dynamic Knowledge Redistribution via Learnable Layer Fusioncited by 2
7 more
  1. 2026FlattenGPT: Depth Compression for Transformer with Layer Flatteningcited by 2
  2. 2026Understanding Performance Collapse in Layer-Pruned Large Language Models via Decision Representation Transitionscited by 2
  3. 2024MPruner: Optimizing Neural Network Size with CKA-Based Mutual Information Pruningcited by 1
  4. 2026GradMAP: Faster Layer Pruning with Gradient Metric and Projection Compensationcited by 1
  5. 2026Decompose, Mix, Adapt: A Unified Framework for Parameter-Efficient Neural Network Recombination and Compressioncited by 0
  6. 2026XMerge: Cross-Axis Selection and Reconstructive Layer Merging for LLM Depth Compressioncited by 0
  7. 2026Beyond Adjacent Layers: Graph-Guided Layer Fusion for Compressing Large Language Modelscited by 0

Similar, not cited

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  1. 2025Semantic Retention and Extreme Compression in LLMs: Can We Have Both?
  2. 2024Compact Language Models via Pruning and Knowledge Distillation
  3. 2025Pruning Laws for Large Language Models
  4. 2023Just CHOP: Embarrassingly Simple LLM Compression
  5. 2024Aggressive Post-Training Compression on Extremely Large Language Models
  6. 2024Streamlining Redundant Layers to Compress Large Language Models
  7. 2026Joint Structural Pruning and Mixed-Precision Quantization for LLM Compression
  8. 2023The Cost of Compression: Investigating the Impact of Compression on Parametric Knowledge in Language Models