Pruning via Merging: Compressing LLMs via Manifold Alignment Based Layer Merging
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Abstract (arXiv)
While large language models (LLMs) excel in many domains, their complexity and scale challenge deployment in resource-limited environments. Current compression techniques, such as parameter pruning, often fail to effectively utilize the knowledge from pruned parameters. To address these challenges, we propose Manifold-Based Knowledge Alignment and Layer Merging Compression (MKA), a novel approach that uses manifold learning and the Normalized Pairwise Information Bottleneck (NPIB) measure to merge similar layers, reducing model size while preserving essential performance. We evaluate MKA on multiple benchmark datasets and various LLMs. Our findings show that MKA not only preserves model performance but also achieves substantial compression ratios, outperforming traditional pruning methods. Moreover, when coupled with quantization, MKA delivers even greater compression. Specifically, on the MMLU dataset using the Llama3-8B model, MKA achieves a compression ratio of 43.75% with a minimal performance decrease of only 2.82%. The proposed MKA method offers a resource-efficient and performance-preserving model compression technique for LLMs.
Key facts. Cited by 19 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 44 of its 60 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 24 Jun 2024.
Builds on
44 of 60 references.
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 3; 2025: 6; 2026: 10.
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- 2025Sub-MoE: Efficient Mixture-of-Expert LLMs Compression via Subspace Expert Mergingcited by 28
- 2025RobustMerge: Parameter-Efficient Model Merging for MLLMs with Direction Robustnesscited by 26
- 2024Reassessing Layer Pruning in LLMs: New Insights and Methodscited by 24
- 2026Mano: Restriking Manifold Optimization for LLM Trainingcited by 12
- 2025PUMA: Layer-Pruned Language Model for Efficient Unified Multimodal Retrieval with Modality-Adaptive Learningcited by 11
- 2026Why and When Visual Token Pruning Fails? A Study on Relevant Visual Information Shift in MLLMs Decodingcited by 7
- 2025Layer as Puzzle Pieces: Compressing Large Language Models through Layer Concatenationcited by 6
- 2026LoopQ: Quantization for Looped Language Modelscited by 6
- 2025When Fewer Layers Break More Chains: Layer Pruning Harms Test-Time Scaling in LLMscited by 5
- 2025BaldWhisper: Faster Whisper with Head Shearing and Layer Mergingcited by 4
- 2026GradPruner: Gradient-Guided Layer Pruning Enabling Efficient Fine-Tuning and Inference for LLMscited by 3
- 2024From Pruning to Grafting: Dynamic Knowledge Redistribution via Learnable Layer Fusioncited by 2
7 more
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- 2026GradMAP: Faster Layer Pruning with Gradient Metric and Projection Compensationcited by 1
- 2026Decompose, Mix, Adapt: A Unified Framework for Parameter-Efficient Neural Network Recombination and Compressioncited by 0
- 2026XMerge: Cross-Axis Selection and Reconstructive Layer Merging for LLM Depth Compressioncited by 0
- 2026Beyond Adjacent Layers: Graph-Guided Layer Fusion for Compressing Large Language Modelscited by 0
- 2026Beyond Adjacent Layers: Graph-Guided Layer Fusion for Compressing Large Language Models10 Oct 2026
- 2026XMerge: Cross-Axis Selection and Reconstructive Layer Merging for LLM Depth Compression2 Sep 2026
- 2026LoopQ: Quantization for Looped Language Models8 May 2026
- 2026Understanding Performance Collapse in Layer-Pruned Large Language Models via Decision Representation Transitions8 May 2026
- 2026Why and When Visual Token Pruning Fails? A Study on Relevant Visual Information Shift in MLLMs Decoding14 Apr 2026
- 2026Decompose, Mix, Adapt: A Unified Framework for Parameter-Efficient Neural Network Recombination and Compression28 Mar 2026
- 2026GradMAP: Faster Layer Pruning with Gradient Metric and Projection Compensation16 Feb 2026
- 2026FlattenGPT: Depth Compression for Transformer with Layer Flattening9 Feb 2026
- 2026Mano: Restriking Manifold Optimization for LLM Training30 Jan 2026
- 2026GradPruner: Gradient-Guided Layer Pruning Enabling Efficient Fine-Tuning and Inference for LLMs27 Jan 2026
- 2025When Fewer Layers Break More Chains: Layer Pruning Harms Test-Time Scaling in LLMs25 Oct 2025
- 2025Layer as Puzzle Pieces: Compressing Large Language Models through Layer Concatenation17 Oct 2025
7 more
- 2025BaldWhisper: Faster Whisper with Head Shearing and Layer Merging6 Oct 2025
- 2025PUMA: Layer-Pruned Language Model for Efficient Unified Multimodal Retrieval with Modality-Adaptive Learning10 Jul 2025
- 2025Sub-MoE: Efficient Mixture-of-Expert LLMs Compression via Subspace Expert Merging29 Jun 2025
- 2025RobustMerge: Parameter-Efficient Model Merging for MLLMs with Direction Robustness24 Feb 2025
- 2024Reassessing Layer Pruning in LLMs: New Insights and Methods23 Nov 2024
- 2024From Pruning to Grafting: Dynamic Knowledge Redistribution via Learnable Layer Fusion21 Nov 2024
- 2024MPruner: Optimizing Neural Network Size with CKA-Based Mutual Information Pruning24 Aug 2024
- 2025RobustMerge: Parameter-Efficient Model Merging for MLLMs with Direction Robustnesscited by 26
- 2024Reassessing Layer Pruning in LLMs: New Insights and Methodscited by 24
- 2026Mano: Restriking Manifold Optimization for LLM Trainingcited by 12
- 2025Layer as Puzzle Pieces: Compressing Large Language Models through Layer Concatenationcited by 6
- 2026LoopQ: Quantization for Looped Language Modelscited by 6
- 2025BaldWhisper: Faster Whisper with Head Shearing and Layer Mergingcited by 4
- 2026GradPruner: Gradient-Guided Layer Pruning Enabling Efficient Fine-Tuning and Inference for LLMscited by 3
- 2024From Pruning to Grafting: Dynamic Knowledge Redistribution via Learnable Layer Fusioncited by 2
- 2026FlattenGPT: Depth Compression for Transformer with Layer Flatteningcited by 2
- 2026Understanding Performance Collapse in Layer-Pruned Large Language Models via Decision Representation Transitionscited by 2
- 2024MPruner: Optimizing Neural Network Size with CKA-Based Mutual Information Pruningcited by 1
- 2026Decompose, Mix, Adapt: A Unified Framework for Parameter-Efficient Neural Network Recombination and Compressioncited by 0
12 most cited of 14 All 14 (JSON)
- 2026Beyond Adjacent Layers: Graph-Guided Layer Fusion for Compressing Large Language Models10 Oct 2026
- 2026XMerge: Cross-Axis Selection and Reconstructive Layer Merging for LLM Depth Compression2 Sep 2026
- 2026LoopQ: Quantization for Looped Language Models8 May 2026
- 2026Understanding Performance Collapse in Layer-Pruned Large Language Models via Decision Representation Transitions8 May 2026
- 2026Decompose, Mix, Adapt: A Unified Framework for Parameter-Efficient Neural Network Recombination and Compression28 Mar 2026
- 2026FlattenGPT: Depth Compression for Transformer with Layer Flattening9 Feb 2026
- 2026Mano: Restriking Manifold Optimization for LLM Training30 Jan 2026
- 2026GradPruner: Gradient-Guided Layer Pruning Enabling Efficient Fine-Tuning and Inference for LLMs27 Jan 2026
- 2025Layer as Puzzle Pieces: Compressing Large Language Models through Layer Concatenation17 Oct 2025
- 2025BaldWhisper: Faster Whisper with Head Shearing and Layer Merging6 Oct 2025
- 2025RobustMerge: Parameter-Efficient Model Merging for MLLMs with Direction Robustness24 Feb 2025
- 2024Reassessing Layer Pruning in LLMs: New Insights and Methods23 Nov 2024
12 newest of 14 All 14 (JSON)
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