mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

TimeChara: Evaluating Point-in-Time Character Hallucination of Role-Playing Large Language Models

arXiv 2405.18027 ↗First posted 28 May 2024cs.CLcited by 22

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Abstract (arXiv)

While Large Language Models (LLMs) can serve as agents to simulate human behaviors (i.e., role-playing agents), we emphasize the importance of point-in-time role-playing. This situates characters at specific moments in the narrative progression for three main reasons: (i) enhancing users' narrative immersion, (ii) avoiding spoilers, and (iii) fostering engagement in fandom role-playing. To accurately represent characters at specific time points, agents must avoid character hallucination, where they display knowledge that contradicts their characters' identities and historical timelines. We introduce TimeChara, a new benchmark designed to evaluate point-in-time character hallucination in role-playing LLMs. Comprising 10,895 instances generated through an automated pipeline, this benchmark reveals significant hallucination issues in current state-of-the-art LLMs (e.g., GPT-4o). To counter this challenge, we propose Narrative-Experts, a method that decomposes the reasoning steps and utilizes narrative experts to reduce point-in-time character hallucinations effectively. Still, our findings with TimeChara highlight the ongoing challenges of point-in-time character hallucination, calling for further study.

Key facts. Cited by 22 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 40 of its 78 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 28 May 2024.

Builds on

40 of 78 references.

References · 40

  1. 2020Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Knowledge-Intensive NLP Taskscited by 9,297
  2. 2023Judging LLM-as-a-Judge with MT-Bench and Chatbot Arenacited by 8,626
  3. 2022Large Language Models are Zero-Shot Reasonerscited by 4,374
  4. 2023Generative Agents: Interactive Simulacra of Human Behaviorcited by 3,568
  5. 2023Self-Refine: Iterative Refinement with Self-Feedbackcited by 3,442
  6. 2023A Survey on Large Language Model based Autonomous Agentscited by 2,242
  7. 2023The Rise and Potential of Large Language Model Based Agents: A Surveycited by 1,439
  8. 2023CAMEL: Communicative Agents for "Mind" Exploration of Large Language Model Societycited by 1,395
  9. 2023FActScore: Fine-grained Atomic Evaluation of Factual Precision in Long Form Text Generationcited by 1,282
  10. 2020RealToxicityPrompts: Evaluating Neural Toxic Degeneration in Language Modelscited by 1,255
  11. 2021A General Language Assistant as a Laboratory for Alignmentcited by 1,055
  12. 2018Personalizing Dialogue Agents: I have a dog, do you have pets too?cited by 828
28 more
  1. 2021Retrieval Augmentation Reduces Hallucination in Conversationcited by 692
  2. 2023Prometheus: Inducing Fine-grained Evaluation Capability in Language Modelscited by 575
  3. 2023Character-LLM: A Trainable Agent for Role-Playingcited by 339
  4. 2021Time-Aware Language Models as Temporal Knowledge Basescited by 296
  5. 2023AlignScore: Evaluating Factual Consistency with a Unified Alignment Functioncited by 288
  6. 2023Automatically Correcting Large Language Models: Surveying the landscape of diverse self-correction strategiescited by 238
  7. 2023Better Zero-Shot Reasoning with Role-Play Promptingcited by 223
  8. 2022Neural Theory-of-Mind? On the Limits of Social Intelligence in Large LMscited by 220
  9. 2023InCharacter: Evaluating Personality Fidelity in Role-Playing Agents through Psychological Interviewscited by 179
  10. 2023FANToM: A Benchmark for Stress-testing Machine Theory of Mind in Interactionscited by 171
  11. 2021A Dataset for Answering Time-Sensitive Questionscited by 154
  12. 2024Fine-grained Hallucination Detection and Editing for Language Modelscited by 149
  13. 2021SituatedQA: Incorporating Extra-Linguistic Contexts into QAcited by 145
  14. 2024CharacterEval: A Chinese Benchmark for Role-Playing Conversational Agent Evaluationcited by 143
  15. 2023Speak, Memory: An Archaeology of Books Known to ChatGPT/GPT-4cited by 125
  16. 2019Learning to Speak and Act in a Fantasy Text Adventure Gamecited by 122
  17. 2022TemporalWiki: A Lifelong Benchmark for Training and Evaluating Ever-Evolving Language Modelscited by 119
  18. 2024Large Language Models are Superpositions of All Characters: Attaining Arbitrary Role-play via Self-Alignmentcited by 104
  19. 2024SocialBench: Sociality Evaluation of Role-Playing Conversational Agentscited by 50
  20. 2021Cross-replication Reliability -- An Empirical Approach to Interpreting Inter-rater Reliabilitycited by 31
  21. 2023TempTabQA: Temporal Question Answering for Semi-Structured Tablescited by 27
  22. 2023MPCHAT: Towards Multimodal Persona-Grounded Conversationcited by 24
  23. 2022Few-Shot Character Understanding in Movies as an Assessment to Meta-Learning of Theory-of-Mindcited by 19
  24. 2022Generic Temporal Reasoning with Differential Analysis and Explanationcited by 18
  25. 2024Large Language Models Fall Short: Understanding Complex Relationships in Detective Narrativescited by 14
  26. 2023How Far Are LLMs from Believable AI? A Benchmark for Evaluating the Believability of Human Behavior Simulationcited by 11
  27. 2023TimelineQA: A Benchmark for Question Answering over Timelinescited by 10
  28. 2023MTGER: Multi-view Temporal Graph Enhanced Temporal Reasoning over Time-Involved Documentcited by 2

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 7; 2025: 8; 2026: 7.

22 papers.

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  1. 2024Two Tales of Persona in LLMs: A Survey of Role-Playing and Personalizationcited by 208
  2. 2025Do LLMs Recognize Your Preferences? Evaluating Personalized Preference Following in LLMscited by 148
  3. 2024The Oscars of AI Theater: A Survey on Role-Playing with Language Modelscited by 48
  4. 2024CharacterBox: Evaluating the Role-Playing Capabilities of LLMs in Text-Based Virtual Worldscited by 38
  5. 2025Enhancing Persona Consistency for LLMs' Role-Playing using Persona-Aware Contrastive Learningcited by 27
  6. 2024RoleBreak: Character Hallucination as a Jailbreak Attack in Role-Playing Systemscited by 21
  7. 2024PersoBench: Benchmarking Personalized Response Generation in Large Language Modelscited by 13
  8. 2025Simulating Students with Large Language Models: A Review of Architecture, Mechanisms, and Role Modelling in Education with Generative AIcited by 5
  9. 2025Dynamic Context Adaptation for Consistent Role-Playing Agents with Retrieval-Augmented Generationscited by 4
  10. 2024Tell Me What You Don't Know: Enhancing Refusal Capabilities of Role-Playing Agents via Representation Space Analysis and Editingcited by 3
  11. 2025Modeling and Optimizing User Preferences in AI Copilots: A Comprehensive Survey and Taxonomycited by 3
  12. 2025Concept Incongruence: An Exploration of Time and Death in Role Playingcited by 2
10 more
  1. 2026Role-Playing Agents Driven by Large Language Models: Current Status, Challenges, and Future Trendscited by 2
  2. 2026Enhancing Persona Following at Decoding Time via Dynamic Importance Estimation for Role-Playing Agentscited by 2
  3. 2024CharacterBench: Benchmarking Character Customization of Large Language Modelscited by 1
  4. 2025Narrative-Driven Travel Planning: Geoculturally-Grounded Script Generation with Evolutionary Itinerary Optimizationcited by 1
  5. 2025Systematizing LLM Persona Design: A Four-Quadrant Technical Taxonomy for AI Companion Applicationscited by 0
  6. 2026PersoDPO: Scalable Preference Optimization for Instruction-Adherent, Persona-Grounded Dialogue via Multi-LLM Evaluationcited by 0
  7. 2026MERRY: Semantically Decoupled Evaluation of Multimodal Emotional and Role Consistencies of Role-Playing Agentscited by 0
  8. 2026BOOKMARKS: Efficient Active Storyline Memory for Role-playingcited by 0
  9. 2026ANIMASK: What the Model Contributes to Role Play in Simulated Story Worldscited by 0
  10. 2026ReFract: Benchmarking Perspective Awareness in Language Model Agents with Text World Modelscited by 0

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2025Test-Time-Matching: Decouple Personality, Memory, and Linguistic Style in LLM-based Role-Playing Language Agent
  2. 2024Character is Destiny: Can Role-Playing Language Agents Make Persona-Driven Decisions?
  3. 2026Identifying and Mitigating Bottlenecks in Role-Playing Agents: A Systematic Study of Disentangling Character Profile Axes
  4. 2025VoxRole: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Evaluating Speech-Based Role-Playing Agents
  5. 2026From Personas to Plot: Character-Grounded Multi-Agent Story Generation for Long-Form Narratives
  6. 2025Operation Veja: Fixing Fundamental Concepts Missing from Modern Roleplaying Training Paradigms
  7. 2026DynSess: Dynamic Session-Level Evaluation and Optimization Framework for Role-Playing Agents
  8. 2026Rethinking Role-Playing Evaluation: Anonymous Benchmarking and a Systematic Study of Personality Effects